Studies on phytochemical, mineral content, in vitro anti-urolithiatic and anti-diabetic activities of horse gram flour extracts and its biosynthesized Ag nanoparticles

The current study aims to examine the use of horse gram flour and its extracts as a low-cost source of mineral content with anti-urolithiatic, anti-diabetic properties and to compare the biological activities with its biosynthesized AgNPs. The secondary metabolites and the macro and micronutrients present in the selected herbal product, reinforces the utility of the horse gram as a promising herbal. Present investigation reveals that the biomass chosen for the study as a cheap natural source with valuable mineral content of calcium (43.06 mg/L), followed by potassium (13.78 mg/L) and sodium (6.94 mg/L). The grain's water extracts found to contain carbohydrate as dominating component with the value of (65.10 ± 0.95 mg g−1 equivalent). Whereas both water and ethanol extract contain TPC (phenol) viz; 60.13 ± 2.45 mg g−1, 68.24 ± 1.33 mg g−1, TTC (terpenoids)53.21 ± 1.4 mg g−1,51.27 ± 2.65 mg g−1, followed by TSC (sterol)as 45.58 ± 1.7 mg g−1, 57.27 ± 1.65 mg g−1 in moderate amounts respectively. The aqueous extract of Horse gram was used for the synthesis the AgNPs through a straightforward green approach and characterized by FESEM, TEM, zeta potential, X-ray diffraction, UV spectroscopy and particle size measurement. These studies demonstrate the production of AgNPs with an average particle size of 30 nm–60 nm. Investigation on anti-urolithiatic property with aqueous extract, (HGW), ethanol extract (HGE) and its biosynthesized Ag nanoparticles (HG-Ag) reveal that, among the three samples chosen, the biosynthesized Ag nanoparticles possess the best inhibiting activity. The disintegration of crystals in gel medium further validated the extracts and Ag nanoparticles crystal growth inhibitory activity, at concentrations of 2% for extracts and 200 μg/ml for AgNPs. Further, it is also found that the HG-Ag nanoparticle exhibit good anti-diabetic activity (75.36%) than the other two extracts (HGW Extract-67.18% & HGE Extract-44.29%). Thus, the seed flour extracts and its AgNps demonstrated to be a promising natural herbal product with potential mineral content, antidiabetic and anti-urolithiatic activities which could be a used as a value-added product in the dietary formulations

Nickel oxide nanoparticles from Sargassumwightii: Synthesis,Characterization, and biomedical applications

Antimicrobial resistance and cancer claim millions of lives each year, making it important to find effective medications. The current study focuses on the rapid and sustainable manufacture of nickel oxide nanoparticles using Sargassum wightii aqueous extract (SW-NiO NPs) as a novel antibacterial and anticancer agent. The presence of phytochemicals in the Sargassumwightii in all extract was qualitatively screened and water extract, which is found to contain abundant phytochemical was used for the biosynthesis. Thus synthsized SW-NiO nanoparticles was characterised by UV–Visible, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and TEM spectral studies, and then screend for its invitro anti microbial activity against bacterial strains (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and B. subtilis) and fungal activity with the fungus strains (C. albicans, C. tropicalis),invitro anticancer and larvicidal activity. The SW-NiO NPs possessed cubic and hexagonal structures with an average crytallite size of 15–20 nm, according to the results of the analytical characterization. SEM and TEM analysis confirms the spherical like morphology and their respective elemental composition were identified by EDAX studies. The antimicrobial activity was carried by well diffusion method.Compared to gram-negative organisms, gram-positive species were more vulnerable to the SW-NiO NPs with the zone of inhibition 17 mm. The fungal activity results showed the zone of inhibition 16 and 14 mm. It was also found that SW-NiO NPs inhibit the growth of tested fungus at higher doses. The cytotoxicity studies with liver cancer cell line through MTT assay revealed the inhibition value at 52.25 ± 0.05 µM, indicating their sensitivity to the HepG2 cell line. SW-NiO NPs made with water extract showed the highest larvicidal activity and 88.33 % death of Aedes agypti(AE). The LC50 and LC90 values for SW-NiO NPs against Aedes agypti(AE) larvae are found to be 31.420 and 134.261 ppm, respectively. The findings of the antimicrobial, larvicidal and invitro anticancer screening of this work provide compelling evidence that SW-NiO NPs made from an aqueous extract of Sargassum wightii have considerable biological applications which can be explored in detail on identifying the potential phyto constituents which are responsible for the activity

Formulation and Evaluation of Bioadhesive Cyproheptadine Tablets

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of formulation variables on the bioadhesion and release properties of bioadhesive cyproheptadine hydrochloride tablets. Methods: Screening of polymers - hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, (HPMC), sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), and Carbopol 974p and 934p - in solution form were carried out by shear stress and detachment force measurement,based on Taguchi model, in order to determine their bioadhesion properties. Central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the combined effects of the polymers on release rate constant (K), diffusion coefficient (n), regression coefficient (R2) and detachment force of a sustained release tablet formulation of cyproheptadine hydrochloride containing also a prompt dose of the drug. Results: The shear stress of 3 % solution of HPMC was greater than that of an equivalent concentration of Carbopol 934P. The values of K, n, R2 and detachment force for the optimized formulation (F0) were 0.269, 0.696, 0.964 and 0.066 Newton (N), respectively, and showed good correlation with the predicted values, thus confirming the practicability and validity of the model. Conclusion: Gastric retention time can be increased for cyproheptadine hydrochloride by formulating it as a bioadhesive tablet that enhances the retention of the dosage form in the stomach and hence gastric absorption of the drug

A sustainable metal and base-free direct amidation of esters using water as a green solvent

International audienceHerein, we report a simple and efficient synthetic approach for direct amidation of esters via C(acyl)-O bond cleavage without any additional reagents or catalysts, using only water as a green solvent. Subsequently, the reaction byproduct is recovered and utilized for the next phase of ester synthesis. This method emphasized metal-free, additive-free, and base-free characteristics making it a new, sustainable, and eco-friendly way to realize direct amide bond formation. In addition, the synthesis of the drug molecule diethyltoluamide and the Gram-scale synthesis of a representative amide are demonstrated

A sustainable approach to amide bond formation via C-O bond cleavage of simple esters in water

Amides contain the paramount functional group in the field of chemistry as well as biology and they play a unique role in pharmaceutical industries. Amide bond formation is a prevalent reaction using coupling reagents, usually metal catalysts and additives etc. In this context, herein, we developed a simple and efficient synthetic approach for the direct amidation through esters, simply in water, affording the desired products in good to excellent yields. Interestingly, this method features metal-free, additive-free, and base-free characteristics, and it also uses water as a green solvent. Therefore, it is a new and eco-friendly way to realize the direct amide bond formation. Applying this methodology, we prepared over 30 different amides including the drug molecule Diethyltoluamide in good yield. Finally, this approach was successfully applied to the gram-scale synthesis of a representative amide product