A qualitative exploration of the health awareness and social challenges facing Pakistani youth engaging in body piercing and tattooing

Background: The practice of body piercing and tattooing in youth is increasing inPakistan, and there is fear that awareness of the associated health risks is low. The aim ofthis study is to try and understand: (i) youth awareness of health risks associated withbody piercing and tattooing, and (ii) the social challenges facing youth who engage insuch practices, which might also impact their health and wellbeing. The findings areaimed to inform improved health and social policy support for population groupsengaging in body modification. Methods: Scholars agree that qualitative research is vitalto explore health challenges and guide health policy. This study adopted a qualitativedesign and used purposive snowball sampling technique. A semi-structured questionnairewas developed through a literature review. Setting: Participants were sampled in a privateand confidential space on university campus or online, based on willingness andconvenience. Participants: Eight university students from different urban cities of Punjabwere sampled through in-depth interviews. Findings: Sixteen sub-themes were identifiedunder five main thematic areas, including: 1) Limited Awareness of Health Risks; 2)Reason for body modifications; 3) History of emotional and physical neglect by parents;4) Social difficulties faced after body modification; and 5) Association with other deviantactivities. Conclusion: The youth of Pakistan need health and social interventions toimprove preventive and screening support from practitioners, family-level counseling forimproved social support, therapy for mental health, and surveillance and support forsuicide ideation, intoxicant abuse, addiction, dealing with parental neglect, and identityformation

Impact of microfinance health interventions on health-related outcomes among female informal workers in Pakistan: a retrospective quasi-experimental study

Objective: The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of microfinance health interventions (health insurance and health-awareness programmes) on health-related outcomes among female informal workers in Pakistan. Design: We conducted a retrospective, quasi-experimental study among a total of 442 female borrowers from seven microfinance providers (MFPs) across four provinces of Pakistan in 2018. A standardised tool was used for data collection. Probit regression was used to identify the probability of female borrowers gaining improvements in health outcomes based on their sociodemographic characteristics. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to assess the overall impact of health interventions. Primary outcome measures: Four health-related outcomes reported by the women were used: perception of good health overall, ability to visit a general practitioner, ability to purchase prescribed medicine and intake of multivitamins. Results: We found that women receiving health interventions had a greater probability of better health outcomes when they were from Punjab province, borrowing in groups and attending monthly meetings at MFPs. Even with a small loan amount, all four health-related outcomes were significantly associated with receiving health insurance and health-awareness programmes. PSM results show a greater likelihood of overall perceived good health (nearest neighbour matching (NNM) =17.4%; kernel matching (KM) =11.8%) when health insurance is provided and a significant improvement in the ability to purchase prescribed medicine when a health-awareness programme is provided (NNM=10.1%; KM=11.7%). Conclusion: Health and social policies are vital to secure health and well-being among poor women working in the informal sector. Targeting improved equity across female population groups for health interventions will in the long run improve poor women's health, income-earning abilities and capacity expansion for small businesses

Impact of a digital health literacy intervention and risk predictors for multimorbidity among poor women of reproductive years: Results of a randomized-controlled trial

Objective: The objective of this study was to deliver an intervention to improve health awareness for infection prevention, hygiene, and sanitation to assess its impact. Furthermore, it aimed to identify the risk of multimorbidity in women of reproductive years from low socio-economic background. Methods: A randomized control trial was conducted in Pakistan among women aged 15–45 years. Overall, 820 women participated in the baseline survey; 388 women were part of the control group and 360 of the intervention group. A digital health literacy intervention was delivered by 91 trained community health workers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression. Results: About 35.9% of women suffered from multimorbidity. The intervention group showed higher odds of confidence in managing health with respect to skill and technique acquisition (AOR = 2.21; 95% CI 1.01–4.84), self-monitoring and insight (AOR = 2.97; 95% CI 1.29–6.80) as well as sanitation and hygiene (AOR = 1.42; 95% CI 1.07–1.93). Two primary outcomes related to hand hygiene and protective behavior against infection did not show any significant improvement. The secondary outcomes of the study related to impact on overall health-related quality of life, social integration and support, and emotional well-being also did not show any significant improvement. Conclusions: Digital health literacy interventions and multimorbidity management for women of reproductive years at the primary level are a way forward to alleviate communicable and non-communicable disease burden in developing countries like Pakistan. These efforts are also critical to improve maternal and child health in developing regions

Impact of a digital health literacy intervention and risk predictors for multimorbidity among poor women of reproductive years: Results of a randomized-controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to deliver an intervention to improve health awareness for infection prevention, hygiene, and sanitation to assess its impact. Furthermore, it aimed to identify the risk of multimorbidity in women of reproductive years from low socio-economic background. METHODS: A randomized control trial was conducted in Pakistan among women aged 15–45 years. Overall, 820 women participated in the baseline survey; 388 women were part of the control group and 360 of the intervention group. A digital health literacy intervention was delivered by 91 trained community health workers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: About 35.9% of women suffered from multimorbidity. The intervention group showed higher odds of confidence in managing health with respect to skill and technique acquisition (AOR = 2.21; 95% CI 1.01–4.84), self-monitoring and insight (AOR = 2.97; 95% CI 1.29–6.80) as well as sanitation and hygiene (AOR = 1.42; 95% CI 1.07–1.93). Two primary outcomes related to hand hygiene and protective behavior against infection did not show any significant improvement. The secondary outcomes of the study related to impact on overall health-related quality of life, social integration and support, and emotional well-being also did not show any significant improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Digital health literacy interventions and multimorbidity management for women of reproductive years at the primary level are a way forward to alleviate communicable and non-communicable disease burden in developing countries like Pakistan. These efforts are also critical to improve maternal and child health in developing regions

Mothers employed in paid work and their predictors for home delivery in Pakistan

Jafree SR, Zakar R, Mustafa M, Fischer F. Mothers employed in paid work and their predictors for home delivery in Pakistan. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2018;18(1): 316.Background Pakistan has one of the highest rates of maternal and neonatal mortality in the world. It is assumed that employed mothers in paid work will be more empowered to opt for safer institutional deliveries. There is a need to understand the predictors of home deliveries in order to plan policies to encourage institutional deliveries in the region. Methods The study aimed to ascertain the predictors for home deliveries among mothers employed in paid work in Pakistan. Data analysis is based on secondary data taken from the Pakistan Demographic Health Survey 2012–13. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were conducted. Results The findings show that the majority (53.6%) of employed mothers in Pakistan give birth at home. Employed mothers in paid work with the following characteristics had higher chances for delivering at home: (i) women from rural areas (AOR 1.26; 95% CI: 0.94–1.71), or specific regions within Pakistan, (ii) those occupied in unskilled work (AOR 2.61; 95% CI: 1.76–3.88), (iii) women married to uneducated (AOR 1.70; 95% CI: 1.08–2.66), unemployed (AOR 1.69; 95% CI: 1.21–2.35), or unskilled men (AOR 2.02; 95% CI: 1.49–2.72), (iv) women with more than 7 children (AOR 1.57; 95% CI: 1.05–2.35), (v) women who are unable in the prenatal period to have an institutional check-up (AOR 4.84; 95% CI: 3.53–6.65), take assistance from a physician (AOR 3.98; 95% CI: 3.03–5.20), have a blood analysis (AOR 2.63; 95% CI: 1.95–3.57), urine analysis (AOR 2.48; 95% CI: 1.84–3.33) or taken iron tablets (AOR 2.64; 95% CI: 2.06–3.38), and (vi) are unable to make autonomous decisions with regard to spending their earnings (AOR 1.82; 95% CI: 1.27–2.59) and healthcare (AOR 1.12; 95% CI: 0.75–1.65). Conclusions Greater efforts by the central and provincial state bodies are needed to encourage institutional deliveries and institutional access, quality and cost. Maternal and paternal benefits are needed for workers in both the formal and informal sectors of the economy. Finally, cultural change, through education, media and religious authorities, is necessary to support institutional deliveries and formal sector paid employment and out of home work opportunities for mothers of Pakistan

Anxiety amongst physicians during COVID-19: cross-sectional study in Pakistan

Background: Ensuring safety and wellbeing of healthcare providers is crucial, particularly during times of a pandemic. In this study, we aim to identify the determinants of anxiety in physicians on duty in coronavirus wards or quarantine centers. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional quantitative survey with an additional qualitative item. Five constructs of workload, exhaustion, family strain, feeling of protection, and anxiety were measured using items from two validated tools. Modifications were made for regional relevance. Factor analysis was performed showing satisfactory Cronbach alpha results. Overall, 103 physicians completed the questionnaire. Results. T-test results revealed significant associations between gender and anxiety. Structural equation modeling identified that high workload contributed to greater exhaustion (beta =0.41, R-2=0.17, p=0.47, R-2=0.22, p=0.17, p=0.34, p=-0.30, p<0.001) significantly explained anxiety (R-2=0.28). Qualitative findings further identified specific needs of physicians with regard to protective equipment, compensation, quarantine management, resource allocation, security and public support, governance improvement, and health sector development. Conclusions: It is imperative to improve governmental and social support for physicians and other healthcare providers during the corona pandemic. Immediate attention is needed to reduce anxiety, workload, and family strain in frontline practitioners treating coronavirus patients, and to improve their (perceptions of) protection. This is a precondition for patient safety

Ethical violations in the clinical setting: the hidden curriculum learning experience of Pakistani nurses

Jafree SR, Zakar R, Fischer F, Zakria Zakar M. Ethical violations in the clinical setting: the hidden curriculum learning experience of Pakistani nurses. BMC Medical Ethics. 2015;16(1): 16.Background The importance of the hidden curriculum is recognised as a practical training ground for the absorption of medical ethics by healthcare professionals. Pakistan’s healthcare sector is hampered by the exclusion of ethics from medical and nursing education curricula and the absence of monitoring of ethical violations in the clinical setting. Nurses have significant knowledge of the hidden curriculum taught during clinical practice, due to long working hours in the clinic and front-line interaction with patients and other practitioners. Methods The means of inquiry for this study was qualitative, with 20 interviews and four focus group discussions used to identify nurses’ clinical experiences of ethical violations. Content analysis was used to discover sub-categories of ethical violations, as perceived by nurses, within four pre-defined categories of nursing codes of ethics: 1) professional guidelines and integrity, 2) patient informed consent, 3) patient rights, and 4) co-worker coordination for competency, learning and patient safety. Results Ten sub-categories of ethical violations were found: nursing students being used as adjunct staff, nurses having to face frequent violence in the hospital setting, patient reluctance to receive treatment from nurses, the near-absence of consent taken from patients for most non-surgical medical procedures, the absence of patient consent taking for receiving treatment from student nurses, the practice of patient discrimination on the basis of a patient’s socio-demographic status, nurses withdrawing treatment out of fear for their safety, a non-learning culture and, finally, blame-shifting and non-reportage of errors. Conclusion Immediate and urgent attention is required to reduce ethical violations in the healthcare sector in Pakistan through collaborative efforts by the government, the healthcare sector, and ethics regulatory bodies. Also, changes in socio-cultural values in hospital organisation, public awareness of how to conveniently report ethical violations by practitioners and public perceptions of nurse identity are needed

Nurse perceptions of organizational culture and its association with the culture of error reporting: a case of public sector hospitals in Pakistan

Jafree SR, Zakar R, Zakria Zakar M, Fischer F. Nurse perceptions of organizational culture and its association with the culture of error reporting: a case of public sector hospitals in Pakistan. BMC Health Services Research. 2016;16(1): 3.Background There is an absence of formal error tracking systems in public sector hospitals of Pakistan and also a lack of literature concerning error reporting culture in the health care sector. Nurse practitioners have front-line knowledge and rich exposure about both the organizational culture and error sharing in hospital settings. The aim of this paper was to investigate the association between organizational culture and the culture of error reporting, as perceived by nurses. Methods The authors used the “Practice Environment Scale-Nurse Work Index Revised” to measure the six dimensions of organizational culture. Seven questions were used from the “Survey to Solicit Information about the Culture of Reporting” to measure error reporting culture in the region. Overall, 309 nurses participated in the survey, including female nurses from all designations such as supervisors, instructors, ward-heads, staff nurses and student nurses. We used SPSS 17.0 to perform a factor analysis. Furthermore, descriptive statistics, mean scores and multivariable logistic regression were used for the analysis. Results Three areas were ranked unfavorably by nurse respondents, including: (i) the error reporting culture, (ii) staffing and resource adequacy, and (iii) nurse foundations for quality of care. Multivariable regression results revealed that all six categories of organizational culture, including: (1) nurse manager ability, leadership and support, (2) nurse participation in hospital affairs, (3) nurse participation in governance, (4) nurse foundations of quality care, (5) nurse-coworkers relations, and (6) nurse staffing and resource adequacy, were positively associated with higher odds of error reporting culture. In addition, it was found that married nurses and nurses on permanent contract were more likely to report errors at the workplace

Assessing the patient safety culture and ward error reporting in public sector hospitals of Pakistan

Jafree SR, Zakar R, Zakria Zakar M, Fischer F. Assessing the patient safety culture and ward error reporting in public sector hospitals of Pakistan. Safety in Health. 2017;3(1): 10.Background Very little research and practical efforts have been undertaken in public sector hospitals of Pakistan to promote error reporting and patient safety culture. Nurses in the country are key informants about the climate of error reporting and patient safety standards across wards in the hospital settings. Methods A questionnaire based on the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture has been used to measure patient safety culture across 18 different wards in two public sector hospitals of Pakistan. Descriptive statistics have been used to analyze the perceptions of 309 nurse practitioners. Results Results show that more than 80% of nurses felt that their ward did not respond to reported errors and that excessive workload interfered in their ability to practice patient safety. Similarly, more than 70% of the nurses felt they were not supported for reporting errors and that their ward placed blame on them for reporting. An overwhelming majority of nurses felt that patient safety standards and error reporting were unfavorable across high-turnover wards like the Emergency, Gynecology and Maternity, General Medicine, Cardiology, Surgery, Nephrology, and Orthopedics wards. Conclusion Results imply that public hospitals, ward administrators, and health governing bodies in the country must take initiatives to introduce and monitor patient safety and error reporting systems in a more systematic and stringent manner

Influence of gender identity on the adoption of religious-spiritual, preventive and emotion-focused coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan

AbstractBackground Academic research has highlighted the gendered impacts and amplifications of gender disparities of COVID-19. Traditionally, Pakistan is a patriarchal society, where it is a parenthood norm to socialize specific gender social roles.Objectives The current research asserts that these normative gender roles may influence individuals throughout their life course, even during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the present study explored the influence of gender identity in adopting different coping strategies such as religious-spiritual, preventive, emotion-focused and non-constructive coping against the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods Due to the lockdown in various areas of Pakistan, data were collected through an online questionnaire using Qualtrics. In a cross-sectional study, 955 respondents completed responses. Factors analysis and reliability analysis were run to ensure the scales’ reliability, validity and robustness for different coping strategies. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to find model fitness.Conclusions For theoretical explanation, the current study used social role theory that argues that each gender benefits differently from distinct coping behaviours. The findings highlighted that women were more likely to adopt most coping strategies, with the most significant difference in religious-spiritual coping and preventative coping strategies even in the presence of control variables such as level of education, household monthly income, family structure, marital status and family size. There was no gender difference in adopting non-constructive strategies. The empirical evidence suggested that females might be at an increased risk of stress due to the burden of unbalanced household-based social norms and care responsibilities. The current research also expanded the base of coping to religious-spiritual coping, emotion-focused coping and non-constructive coping