Internal Friction On Aisi 304 Stainless Steels With Low Tensile Deformations At Temperatures Between - 50 And 20 °c

Austenitic stainless steels specimens were deformed by tension in temperatures in the range of - 50 °C to 20 °C and 0.03 to 0.12 true strain, in order to obtain different volumetric fractions of ε (hexagonal close packed) and α′ (body centered cubic) strain induced martensites. The morphology, distribution and volumetric fractions of the martensites were characterized by metallography and dilatometry analysis and quantified by ferrite detector measurements. The damping behavior of specimens with different volumetric fractions of martensites was studied in an inverted torsion pendulum in the 40 °C to 400 °C range. The ε- and α′-martensites reversion was observed in the temperature range of 50 °C 200 °C and 500 °C 800 °C, respectively, by dilatometry. Internal friction curves in function of temperature of the deformed samples presented internal friction peaks. The first internal friction peak is related to sum of the amount of ε- and α′-martensites. For low deformations it aligns around 130 °C and it is related only to the ε → γ reverse transformation. The peak situated around 350 °C increases with the specimen degree of deformation and is, probably, related to the presence of α′/γ interfaces, and deformed austenite. Copyright © 2010 T. F. A. Santos and M. S. Andrade.2010Padilha, A.F., Rios, P.R., Decomposition of austenite in austenitic stainless steels (2002) ISIJ International, 42 (4), pp. 325-337Blanc, C., Lacombe, P., Baroux, B., Beranger, G., Mcanismes de dformation des aciers inoxydables austnitiques (1990) Les Aciers Inoxydables, pp. 611-617. , Courtaboeuf, France ditions de PhysiqueGuy, K., Butler, E.P., West, D.R.F., Epsilon and alpha prime martensite formation and reversion in austenitic stainless steels (1982) Journal de Physique, 43 (4), pp. 575-580Fischer, G.J., MacIag, R.J., Peckner, D., Bernstein, I.M., The wrought stainless steels (1977) Handbook of Stainless Steels, 1, pp. 11-19. , New York, NY, USA McGraw-HillMartins, L.F.M., Plaut, R.L., Padilha, A.F., Effect of carbon on the cold-worked state and annealing behavior of two 18wtCr-8wtNi Austenitic stainless steels (1998) ISIJ International, 38 (6), pp. 572-579Mangonon, L., Thomas, G., Martensite phases in 304 stainless steel (1970) Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, 1 (6), pp. 1577-1586Baker, L.J., Parker, J.D., Daniel, S.R., The use of internal friction techniques as a quality control tool in the mild steel industry (2003) Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 143-144 (1), pp. 442-447Andrade, M.S., Gomes, O.A., Vilela, J.M.C., Serrano, A.T.L., Moraes, J.M.D., Formability evaluation of two austenitic stainless steels (2004) Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 26 (1), pp. 47-50Taylan, V., Wagoner, R.H., Lee, J.K., Formability of stainless steel (2006) Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 37, pp. 1875-1880De, A.K., Murdock, D.C., Mataya, M.C., Speer, J.G., Matlock, D.K., Quantitative measurement of deformation-induced martensite in 304 stainless steel by X-ray diffraction (2004) Scripta Materialia, 50 (12), pp. 1445-1449Petit, B., Gey, N., Cherkaoui, M., Bolle, B., Humbert, M., Deformation behavior and microstructure/texture evolution of an annealed 304 AISI stainless steel sheet. Experimental and micromechanical modeling (2007) International Journal of Plasticity, 23 (2), pp. 323-341De, A.K., Speer, J.G., Matlock, D.K., Murdock, D.C., Mataya, M.C., Comstock, Jr.R.J., Deformation-induced phase transformation and strain hardening in type 304 austenitic stainless steel (2006) Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, 37 (6), pp. 1875-1886Ritchie, I.G., Mathew, P.M., Pan, Z.I., Osborne, C., Prikryl, J.K., Mechanical relaxation spectroscopy in steel wire research (1989) Wire Journal International, pp. 201-218Nowick, A.S., Berry, B.S., (1972) Anelastic Relaxation in Crystalline Solids, , New York, NY, USA Academic PressReed-Hill, R.E., (1992) Physical Metallurgy Principles, , Boston, Mass, USA PWS-KentShewmon, P., (1989) Diffusion in Solids, Minerals, , Philadelphia, Pa, USA Metals Materials SocietyYu, N., Koval, G.S., Firstov, J.V., Van Humbeeck, J., Delaey, L., Jang, W.Y., B 2 intermetallic compounds of Zr. new class of the shape memory alloys (1995) Journal of Physics, 5 (8), p. 1103Zenati, R., Bernard, C., Calmet, C., Guillemet, S., Fantozzi, G., Durand, B., Internal friction investigation of phase transformation in nearly stoichiometric LaMnO3+ (2005) Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 25 (6), pp. 914-935Perkins, J., (1975) Shape Memory Effects in Alloys, , San Diego, Calif, USA Metallurgical Society of AIMEBaraz, V.R., Grachev, S.V., Rol'Shchikov, L.D., Internal friction in non-stable austenitic steels (1972) Steel in the USSR, 2, pp. 670-672Talonen, J., Hnninen, H., Damping properties of austenitic stainless steels containing strain-induced martensite (2004) Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 35 (8), pp. 2401-2406Pinto, T.B., Gomes, O.A., Vilela, J.M.C., Andrade, M.S., Serrano, A.L., De Moraes, J.M.D., Relationship between internal friction and strain induced martensite amount in an AISI 304 stainless steel Proceedings of the 58th Annual International Congress of the Brazilian Association of Metallurgy and Materials July 2003 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, pp. 3137-3144ASTM Standard E-646, 1993Vilela, J.M.C., Oliveira, N.J.L., Andrade, M.S., Gonzalez, B.M., Santos, C.E.R., De Moraes, J.M.D., Metallographic analysis of stainless steels after deformation at different temperatures Proceedings of the 56th Annual International Congress of the Brazilian Association of Metallurgy and Materials 2001 Belo Horizonte, Brazil, pp. 510-519Santos, T.F.A., Andrade, M.S., Dilatometric evaluation of strain-induced martensite reversion in AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel (2008) Matria, 13 (4), pp. 587-596Das, A., Tarafder, S., Experimental investigation on martensitic transformation and fracture morphologies of austenitic stainless steel (2009) International Journal of Plasticity, 25 (11), pp. 2222-2247Lo, K.H., Shek, C.H., Lai, J.K.L., Recent developments in stainless steels (2009) Materials Science and Engineering R, 65, pp. 39-104Gey, N., Petit, B., Humbert, M., Electron backscattered diffraction study of / ' martensitic variants induced by plastic deformation in 304 stainless steel (2005) Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 36 (12), pp. 3291-3299Humbert, M., Petit, B., Bolle, B., Gey, N., Analysis of the - ′ variant selection induced by 10 plastic deformation in 304 stainless steel at -60C (2007) Materials Science and Engineering A, 454-455, pp. 508-517Santos, T.F.A., Andrade, M.S., Castro, A.L.R., Influence of heating rate on the reversion of strain-induced martensite in AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel (2009) Revista Escola de Minas, 62 (1), pp. 53-5

Soldagem Por Atrito Com Pino Não Consumível De Aços Inoxidáveis Duplexa

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Duplex stainless steels are successful in a variety of applications such as the food industry, petrochemical and plants for desalination of seawater, where high corrosion resistance and high mechanical strength are required. However, the beneficial microstructure may be change during fusion welding steps and it can compromise the performance of these materials. Friction stir welding is a solid state process avoiding typical problems concerning solidification such as solidification cracks, liquation and segregation of alloying elements. For superduplex stainless steels can avoid unbalanced proportions of ferrite and austenite, formation of secondary deleterious phases and grain growth of ferrite in the heat affected zone. Consolidated friction stir welded joints with full penetration of 6 mm thick were obtained for UNS S32101 and S32205 duplex and S32750 and S32760 superduplex stainless steels. The friction stir welds were submitted to tensile tests indicating an improvement of strength in welded joints showing increased of yield and tensile strength for all studied cases. Regarding the microstructural characterization, an outstanding gran refinement was observed in the welded joint achieving grain sizes as small as 1 μm. This refinement was associated with the combination of microstructural restoration mechanisms in the dual phase microstructure promoted by severe deformation associated with a high temperature during the welding process. © 2016, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia. All rights reserved.2115969CNPq, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoFAPESP, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Microstructure Evaluation Of Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Friction Stir Welds [avaliação Microestrutural De Juntas Soldadas Por Atrito Com Pino Não-consumível Do Aço Inoxidável Duplex Uns S32205]

UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel welds were performed by friction stir welding (FSW). Advancing and retreating sides showed distinct characteristics in the welded joint. The advancing side shows the strongest grain refinement which is corroborated by microhardness measurements. The microstructure characterization was carried out by optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The thermomechanically affected zone displays austenite islands deformed in a ferrite matrix. The stir zone (SZ) showed a fine recrystallized microstructure providing an outstanding increase of hardness associated with better corrosion performance. Transmission electron microscopy and corrosion tests have corroborated the absence of intermetallic phases on welded joints.662187191(2009) Standard test method for conducting cyclic potentiodynamic polarization measurements for localized corrosion susceptibility of iron-, nickel-, or cobalt-based alloys, , ASTM G61-86, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTMLippold, J.C., (2005) Welding metallurgy and weldability of stainless steels, pp. 230-263+357. , In: LIPPOLD, J.C. et al. (eds.). Duplex stainless steels. Ohio: John Wiley & Sons, cap. 7Lo, K.H., Recent developments in stainless steels (2009) Mat. Sci. Eng. R, 65, pp. 39-104Mishra, R.S., (2007) Friction stir welding and processing, p. 360. , Ohio: ASM InternationalPadilha, A.F., (2005) Encruamento, recristalização, crescimento de grão e textura, p. 232. , São Paulo: Associação Brasileira de Metalurgia e MateriaisPaijkull, M., The use of duplex stainless steel grades in tubular products (2008) Steel Stainless Steel World, pp. 71-79Saeid, T., Effect of friction stir welding speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a duplex stainless steel (2008) Materials Science and Engineering A, 496, pp. 262-268Sato, Y.S., Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded SAF 2507 super duplex stainless steel (2005) Materials Science and Engineering A, 397, pp. 376-384Steel, R.J., Friction stir welding of SAF 2507 (UNS S32750) super duplex stainless (2004) Steel Stainless Steel World, 16, pp. 1-16Tait, S.W., An introduction to eletrochemical corrosion testing for practing engineers and scientists (1994) Pair Docs Publication

Thermal History In Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Friction Stir Welds

Consolidated UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel joints welds were performed using a friction stir welding (FSW) process. An experimental set-up was used to record the thermal history of duplex stainless steel FSW joint. For points at equal distance from the weld centreline, temperature measured near the beginning of the weld was lower than that measured in the middle of the welded joint. This was attributed to a non-stationary transfer condition. FSW thermal cycle showed shorter time spent at elevated temperature compared that presented by fusion welding, indicating less propensity to detrimental second phase precipitation. To support temperature measurements with thermocouples, a three-dimensional finite element thermal model of FSW was implemented, which provided a good agreement with experimental data. © 2014 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining.192150156Sato, Y.S., Kokawa, H., Preferential precipitation site of sigma phase in duplex stainless steel weld metal (1999) Scr. Mater., 40, pp. 659-663Reis, G.S., Jorge, A.M., Balancin, O.J., Influence of the microstructure of duplex stainless steels on their failure characteristics during hot deformation (2000) Mater. Res., 3, pp. 31-35Voronenko, B.I., Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels: A state-of-theart review (1997) Met. Sci. Heat Treat., 39, pp. 428-437Lopez, N., Cid, M., Puiggali, M., Influence of s-phase on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steels (1999) Corros. Sci., 41, pp. 1615-1631Garzon, C.M., Ramirez, A.J., Growth kinetics of secondary austenite in the welding microstructure of a UNS S32304 duplex stainless steel (2006) Acta Mater., 54, pp. 3321-3331Sato, Y.S., Nelson, T.W., Sterling, C.J., Steel, R.J., Pettersoon, C.-O., Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded SAF 2507 super duplex stainless steel (2005) Mater. Sci. Eng. A, A397, pp. 376-384Bhadeshia, H.K.D.H., DebRoy, T., Critical assessment: Friction stir welding of steels (2009) Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 14, pp. 193-196Steel, R.J., Sterling, C.J., Friction stir welding of 2205 duplex stainless and 3Cr12 steels (2004) Proc. 14th Int. Conf. on 'Offshore and polar engineering', pp. 67-73. , Toulon, France, May International Society of Offshore and Polar EngineersSaeid, T., Abdollah-Zadeh, A., Assadi, H., Malek Ghaini, F., Effect of friction stir welding speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a duplex stainless steel (2008) Mater. Sci. Eng. A, A496, pp. 262-268Payares-Asprino, M.C., Evans, R.W., Liu, S., Prediction of percentage of ferrite as a function of heat input in gas metal arc welding of duplex stainless steel SAF 2205 weldments (2008) Soldag. Insp., 13, pp. 150-159Escriba, D.M., Materna-Morris, E., Plaut, R.L., Padilha, A.F., Chi-phase precipitation in a duplex stainless steel (2009) Mater. Charact., 60, pp. 1214-1219Thomas, W.M., Nicholas, E.D., Needham, J.C., Murch, M.G., Templesmith, P., Daves, C.J., (1991) Friction stir butt welding, , International Patent Application PCT/GB92/02203Mishra, R.S., Mahoney, M.W., (2007) Friction stir welding and processing, , (eds.), Materials Park, OH, ASM InternationalSantos, T.F.A., Hermenegildo, T.C.F., Afonso, C.R.M., Marinho, R.R., Paes, M.T.P., Ramirez, A.J., Fracture toughness of ISO 3183 X80M (API 5L X80) steel friction stir welds (2010) Eng. Fract. Mech., 77, pp. 2937-2945Mishra, R.S., Ma, Z.Y., Friction stir welding and processing (2005) Mater. Sci. Eng. R, R50, pp. 1-78Lambrakos, S.G., Fonda, R.W., Milewski, J.O., Mitchell, J.E., Analysis of friction stir welds using thermocouple measurements (2003) Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 8, pp. 385-390Edwards, P., Ramulu, M., Peak temperatures during friction stir welding of Ti-6Al-4V (2010) Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 15, pp. 468-504Steel, R.J., Pettersson, C.-O., Packer, S.M., Sorensen, C.D., Sato, Y.S., Nelson, T.W., Sterling, C.J., Friction stir welding of SAF 2507 (UNS S32750) super duplex stainless steel (2004) Stainless Steel World, 16, pp. 27-31Santos, T.F.A., Marinho, R.R., Paes, M.T.P., Ramirez, A.J., Microstructure evaluation of UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel friction stir welds (2013) Rev. Esc. Minas, 66, pp. 187-191Sorensen, C.D., Nelson, T.W., Friction stir welding of ferrous and nickel alloys (2007) Friction stir welding and processing, , (ed. R. S. Mishra and M. W. Mahoney)Materials Park, OH, ASM InternationalZhang, Y.N., Cao, X., Larose, S., Wanjara, P., Review of tools for friction stir welding and processing (2012) Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 51, pp. 250-261Manvatkar, V.D., Aurora, A., De, A., DebRoy, T., Neural network models of peak temperature, torque, traverse force, bending stress and maximum shear stress during friction stir welding (2012) Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 17, pp. 460-466(2013) Pencial probe eroding thermocouple, , http://www.nanmac.com/handbook/e11.htm, Nanmac Corporation, (accessed 23 June)Wei, L.Y., Nelson, T.W., Correlation of microstructures and process variables in FSW HSLA-65 steel (2011) Weld. J., 90, pp. 95s-101sMatweb, (2013) Material property data, , http://www.matweb.com, (accessed 22 June)Nandan, R., DebRoy, T., Bhadeshia, H.K.D.H., Recent advances in friction-stir welding-process, weldment structure and properties (2008) Prog. Mater. Sci., 53, pp. 980-1023Zhao, Y., Wu, A.P., Ren, J.L., Sato, Y.S., Kokawa, H., Miyake, M., Yan, D.Y., Temperature and force response characteristics of friction stir welding on Invar 36 alloy (2013) Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 18, pp. 232-238Khandkar, M.Z.H., Khan, J.A., Reynolds, A.P., Prediction of temperature distribution and thermal history during friction stir welding: Input torque based model (2003) Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 8, pp. 165-174Schmidt, H., Hattel, J., Modelling heat flow around tool probe in friction stir welding (2005) Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 10, pp. 176-186Colegrove, P., Painter, M., Graham, D., Miller, T., 3 dimensional flow and thermal modeling of the friction stir welding process (2000) Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on 'Friction stir welding, pp. 1-11. , Gothenburg, Sweden, June The Welding Institute, Paper 2Schmidt, H.B., Hattel, J., Thermal modelling of friction stir welding (2008) Scr. Mater., 58, pp. 332-337Nandan, R., Roy, G.G., Lienert, T.J., Debroy, T., Threedimensional heat and material flow during friction stir welding of mild steel (2007) Acta Mater., 55, pp. 883-895Arora, A., DebRoy, T., Bhadeshia, H.K.D.H., Back-of-theenvelope calculations in friction stir welding-velocities, peak temperature, torque, and hardness (2011) Acta Mater., 59, pp. 2020-2028Ramirez, A.J., Brandi, S.D., Application of discrete distribution point heat source model to simulate multipass weld thermal cycles in medium thick plates (2004) Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 9, pp. 72-82Wang, H., Colegrove, P.A., dos Santos, J., Hybrid modelling of 7449-T7 aluminum alloy friction stir welded joints (2013) Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 18, pp. 147-15

Correlating Microstructure And Performance Of Uns S32750 And S32760 Superduplex Stainless Steels Friction Stir Welds

Fully consolidated and full penetration butt joints were produced on 6 mm thick plate of UNS S32750 and S32760 superduplex stainless steels using friction stir welding (FSW). Destructive (bending) and nondestructive evaluation (radiography) were performed to verify absence of defects. Intermetallic phases precipitation was not observed in the joint. Cyclic polarization tests indicated the same corrosion resistance of the base metal and welded joint. The microstructural characterization was performed on transverse section using optical and scanning electron microscopy. A correlation between the FSW process, the associated thermal history, the produced microstructure, and the mechanical and corrosion performance of the welded joints has been established. Copyright © 2011 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE).534540International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE)Davis, J.R., Corrosion of duplex stainless steel weldments (2006) Corrosion of Weldments, 225p. , Ohio: ASM InternationalEdwards, P., Ramulu, M., Peak temperatures during friction stir welding of Ti-6Al-4V (2010) Sci. Technol. Weld. Joining, 15, pp. 468-504Kim, S.B., Paik, K.W., Kim, Y.G., Effect of Mo substitution by W on high temperature embritlement characteristics (1998) Mat Sci Eng A, 247, pp. 67-74Lippold, J.C., Kotechi, D.J., Duplex stainless steels (2005) Welding Metallurgy and Weldability of Stainless Steel, 356p. , Ohio: John Wiley & Sons IncNorton, S., (2006) Ferrous Friction Stir Weld Physical Simulation, 235p. , (doctorate dissertation), The Ohio State University, ColumbusMcGuire, M.F., Duplex stainless steel (2008) Stainless Steel for Design Engineers, 304p. , Ohio: ASM InternationalMishra, R.S., Mahoney, M.W., (2007) Friction Stir Welding and Processing, 2007, 360p. , Ohio: ASM InternationalSaied, T., Abdollah-Zadeh, A., Assadi, H., Malek Ghaini, H., Effect of friction stir welding speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a duplex stainless steel (2008) Mat. Sci. Eng. A, 496, pp. 262-268Park, C.J., Ahn, M.K., Kwon, H.S., Influences of Mo substitution by W on the precipitation kinetics of secondary phases and the associated localized corrosion and embrittlement in 29%Cr ferritic stainless steels (2006) Mat Sci Eng A, 418, pp. 211-217Reick, W., Pohl, M., Padilha, A.F., Recrystallizationtransformation combined reactions during annealing of a cold rolled ferritic-austenitic duplex stainless steel (1998) ISIJ Int., 38 (6), pp. 567-571Tfa, S., Marinho, R.R., Mtp, P., Ramirez, A.J., Microstructure evaluation of UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel friction stir welds (2010) Proceeding of 10th Brazilian Stainless Steel Conference, pp. 16-20. , Rio de Janeiro, BrazilSantos, T.F.A., Hermenegildo, T.C.F., Afonso, C.R.M., Marinho, R.R., Paes, M.T.P., Ramirez, A.J., Fracture toughness of ISO 3183 X80 (API 5L X80) steel friction stir welds (2010) Eng. Fract. Mech., 77, pp. 2937-2945Sato, Y.S., Nelson, T.W., Sterling, C.J., Steel, R.J., Pettersson, C.-O., Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded SAF 2507 super duplex stainless steel (2005) Mat. Sci. Eng. A, 395, pp. 376-384Steel, R.J., Pettersson, C.-O., Packer, S.M., Sorensen, C.D., Sato, Y.S., Nelson, T.W., Sterling, C.J., Friction stir welding of SAF 2507 (UNS S32750) super duplex stainless steel (2004) Stainless Steel World, 16, pp. 2728-3031Sinfield, M.F., (2007) Advancements in Physical Simulation and Thermal History Acquisition Techniques for Ferrous Alloy Friction Stir Welding, , (master thesis), The Ohio State University, ColumbusSorensen, C.D., Nelson, T.W., Sigma phase formation in friction stirring of Iron-Nickel-Chromium alloys (2005) Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Trends in Welding Research, pp. 441-446. , Georgia, USASsm, T., Pardal, J.M., Lima, L.D., Bastos, I.N., De Nascimento, A.M., Souza, J.A., Characterization of microstructure, chemical composition, corrosion resistance and toughness of a multipass weld joint of superduplex stainless steel UNS S32750 (2007) Mat. Character., 58, pp. 610-61

Microstructural Simulation Of Friction Stir Welding In Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel

Hot torsion physical simulation was used to reproduce the microstructure of the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) of friction stir welded UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel. Such microstructure reproduction under controlled conditions allows the estimation of the thermomechanical conditions imposed to the material during FSW. The implementation of a LN2 cooling system to the hot torsion unit of a commercial Gleeble 3800® simulator was instrumental to reproduce the temperature profiles measured during actual friction stir welding of duplex stainless steels. As a result, very good microstructural and thermal matching were obtained. Moreover, ferrite volume fraction of the simulated microstructures perfectly matched the actual thermomechanically affected zone. Numerical simulations of the torsion tests are being carried out to determine the actual values of strain and strain rate in each test. Copyright © 2013 ASM International® All rights reserved.297301ASM InternationalGunn, R.N., (2003) Duplex Stainless Steels: Microstructure. Properties and Applications, , Abington Publishing AbingtonMcGuire, M.F., (2008) Stainless Steels for Design Engineers, , ASM International OhioFarnoush, H., Hot deformation characteristics of 2205 duplex stainless steel based on the behavior of constituent phases (2010) Materials and Design, 31, pp. 220-226Han, Y., Investigation on hot deformation behavior of 00Cr23Ni4N duplex stainless steel under medium-high strain rates (2011) Mater Charac, 62, pp. 198-203Momeni, A., Dehghani, K., Hot working behavior of 2205 austenite-ferrite duplex stainless steel characterized by constitutive equations and processing maps (2011) Mater Sci Eng A, 528, pp. 1448-1454Cizek, P., Wynne, B.P., A mechanism of ferrite softening in a duplex stainless steel deformed in hot torsion (1997) Materials Science and Engineering A, 230 (1-2), pp. 88-94. , PII S0921509397000877Evangelista, E., McQueen, H.J., Niewczas, M., Cabibbo, M., Hot workability of 2304 and 2205 duplex stainless steels (2004) Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 43 (3), pp. 339-354Saeid, T., Effect of friction stir welding speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a duplex stainless steel (2008) Mater Sci Eng A, 496, pp. 262-268Sato, Y.S., Nelson, T.W., Sterling, C.J., Steel, R.J., Pettersson, C.-O., Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded SAF 2507 super duplex stainless steel (2005) Materials Science and Engineering A, 397 (1-2), pp. 376-384. , DOI 10.1016/j.msea.2005.02.054, PII S0921509305002054Iza-Mendia, A., Pinol-Juez, A., Urcola, J.J., Gutierrez, I., Microstructural and Mechanical Behavior of a Duplex Stainless Steel under Hot Working Conditions (1998) Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 29 (12), pp. 2975-2986Duprez, L., Flow stress and ductility of duplex stainless steel during high-temperature torsion deformation (2002) Metall Mater Trans A, 33, pp. 1931-1938Mishra, R.S., Mahoney, M.W., (2007) Friction Stir Welding and Processing, , ASM International OhioSantos, T.F.A., Microstructure evaluation of UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel friction stir welds Proc 10th Brazilian Stainless Steel Conf, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2010, pp. 16-20Steel, R.J., Sterling, C.J., Friction stir welding of 2205 duplex stainless and 3Cr12 steels Proc 14th ISOPE Conf, Toulon, France, May 2004, pp. 67-72Santos, T.F.A., Correlating microstructure and performance of UNS S32750 and S32760 superduplex stainless steels friction stir welds Proc 21st ISOPE Conf, Maui, Hawaii, USA, June 2011, pp. 534-540Norton, S., (2006) Ferrous Friction Stir Weld Physical Simulation, , a Dissertation, Ohio State UniversitySinfield, M.F., (2007) Advancements in Physical Simulation and Thermal History Acquisition Techniques for Ferrous Alloy Friction Stir Welding, , a Thesis, Ohio State UniversitySinfield, M.F., Physical simulation of friction stir weld microstructure of a high-strength, low alloy steel (HSLA-65) Proc 7th International Friction Stir Welding Symposium, Awaji Island, Japão, May 200