Determinants of iron deficiency anemia in a cohort of children aged 6-71 months living in the northeast of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common nutritional disorders worldwide. The aim was to identify the prevalence and incidence of anemia in children and to identify predictors of this condition, including intestinal parasites, social, nutritional and environmental factors, and comorbidities. A population-based cohort study was conducted in a sample of 414 children aged 6?71 months living in Novo Cruzeiro in the Minas Gerais State. Data were collected in 2008 and 2009 by interview and included socio-economic and demographic information about the children and their families. Blood samples were collected for testing of hemoglobin, ferritin and C-reactive protein. Anthropometric measurements and parasitological analyses of fecal samples were performed. To identify risk factors associated with anemia multivariate analyses were performed using the generalized estimating equations (GEE). In 2008 and 2009, respectively, the prevalence rates of anemia were 35.9% (95%CI 31.2?40.8) and 9.8% (95%CI 7.2?12.9), the prevalence rates of iron deficiency were 18.4% (95%CI 14.7?22.6) and 21.8%(95%CI 17.8?26.2), and the incidence rates of anemia and iron deficiency were 3.2% and 21.8%. The following risk factors associated with anemia were: iron deficiency (OR = 3.2; 95%CI 2.0-.5.3), parasitic infections (OR = 1.9; 95%CI 1.2? 2.8), being of risk of or being a low length/height-for-age (OR = 2.1; 95%CI 1.4?3.2), and lower retinol intake (OR = 1.7; 95%CI 1.1?2.7), adjusted over time. Nutritional factors, parasitic infections and chronic malnutrition were identified as risk factors for anemia. These factors can be verified in a chronic process and have been classically described as risk factors for these conditions

Ultra-processed food consumption associates with higher cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis

To investigate the association between food consumption stratified by processing level and cardiovascular risk factors in rheumatoid arthritis. In this cross-sectional study, 56 patients (age: 62.5 +/- 7.9 years, BMI: 28.4 +/- 5.1 kg/m(2)) had food consumption evaluated according to the processing level (e.g., unprocessed or minimally processed foods, processed foods, and ultra-processed foods) and associated with cardiovascular risk factors. The most prevalent food processing level was unprocessed or minimally processed foods (42.6 +/- 12.6% of total energy intake [TEI]), followed by processed (24.2 +/- 11.9%TEI), ultra-processed (18.1 +/- 11.8%TEI), and culinary ingredients (15.1 +/- 6.4%TEI). Adjusted regression models showed that higher consumption of ultra-processed foods was positively associated with Framingham risk score (beta = 0.06, CI: 95% 0.001, 0.11, p = 0.045) and glycated hemoglobin (beta = 0.04, CI: 95% 0.01, 0.08, p = 0.021). In contrast, higher consumption of unprocessed or minimally processed foods was associated with lower 10-year risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (beta = -0.05, CI: 95% - 0.09, -0.003, p = 0.021) and LDL (beta = -1.09, CI: 95% - 1.94, -0.24, p = 0.013). Patients with rheumatoid arthritis consuming more ultra-processed foods showed worse metabolic profile, whereas those consuming more unprocessed or minimally processed foods had lower cardiovascular risks. A food pattern characterized by a high ultra-processed food consumption appears to emerge as a novel, modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in rheumatoid arthritisCNPQ - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoFAPESP – Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa Do Estado De São Paulo301571/2017-1; 309514/2018-52017/17837-1; 2016/23319-0; 2017/13552-2; 2015/26937-

Final generalized estimation equation model for anemia in children living in of Novo Cruzeiro, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2008–2009.

<p>^(a) = Adjusted Odds Ratio.</p><p>Final generalized estimation equation model for anemia in children living in of Novo Cruzeiro, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2008–2009.</p

Flow diagram of the children population evaluated in two phases—2008 and 2009.

<p>Flow diagram of the children population evaluated in two phases—2008 and 2009.</p