Expanded Bed Adsorption Of Bromelain (e.c. 3.4.22.33) From Ananas Comosus Crude Extract

This work focuses on the adsorption of Bromelain in expanded bed conditions, such as the adsorption kinetics parameters. The adsorption kinetics parameters showed that after 40 minutes equilibrium was achieved and maximum adsorption capacity was 6.11 U per resin mL. However, the maximum adsorption capacity was only determined by measuring the adsorption isotherm. Only by the Langmuir model the maximum adsorption capacity, Qm, and dissociation constant, kd, values could be estimated as 9.18 U/mL and 0.591, respectively, at 25°C and 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer pH 7.5. A column made of glass with an inner diameter of 1 cm was used for the expanded bed adsorption (EBA). The residence time was reduced 10 fold by increasing the expansion degree 2.5 times; nonetheless, the plate number (N) value was reduced only 2 fold. After adsorption, the bromelain was eluted in packed bed mode, with a downward flow. The purification factor was about 13 fold and the total protein was reduced 4 fold. EBA showed to be feasible for purification of bromelain.261149157Amersham Pharmacia Biotech. EBA Handbook: Principles and Methods. Uppsala, ISBN 91-630-5519-8 (1997)Anspach, F.B., Curbelo, D., Hartman, R., Garke, G., Deckwer, W.D., Expanded-bed chromatography in primary protein purification (1999) J. Chromatogr. A, 865, p. 129Bruce, L.J., Chase, H.A., Hydrodynamics and adsorption behaviour within an expanded bed adsorption column studied using in-bed sampling (2001) Chem. Eng. Sci, 56, p. 3149Camprubi, S., Bruguera, M., Canalias, F., Purification of recombinant histidine-tag streptolysin O using immobilized metal affinity expanded bed adsorption (IMA-EBA). International (2006) J. Biol. Macromolecules, 38, pp. 134-139Chang, Y.K., McCreath, G.E., Chase, H.A., (1994) Advances in Bioprocess Engineering, p. 519. , Galindo, E, Ramirez, O.T, Eds, Kluwer Academics Publisher: Netherlands, pChase, H.A., Purification of proteins by adsorption chromatography in expanded beds (1994) Trends Biotechnol, 12, p. 296Dainiak, M.B., Galaev, I.Y., Matiasson, B., Direct capture of product from fermentation broth using a cell-repelling ion exchanger (2002) J. Chromatogr. A, 942, pp. 123-131Deutscher, M.P., Guide to protein purification (1990) Method. Enzymol, p. 182Fernandez-Lahore, H.M., Lin, D.-Q., Hubbuch, J.J., Kula, M.R., Thommes, J., The use of ionselective electrodes for evaluating residence time distributions in expanded bed adsorption systems (2001) Biotechnol. Progr, 17, pp. 1128-1136Gaspani, L., Limiroli, E., Ferrario, P., Bianchi, M., In vivo and in vitro effects of bromelain on PGE(2) and SP concentrations in the inflammatory exudate in rats (2002) Pharmacology, 65, pp. 83-86Haq, S.K., Rasheedi, S., Khan, R.H., Characterization of a partially folded intermediate of stem bromelain at low pH (2002) Eur. J. Biochem, 269, pp. 47-52Harrach, T., Eckert, K., Maurer, H.R., Machleidt, I., Machleidt, W., Nuck, R., Isolation and characterization of two forms of an acidic bromelain stem proteinase (1998) J. Protein Chem, 17, pp. 351-361Hatano, K., Sawano, Y., Tanokura, M., Structure-function relationship of bromelain isoinhibitors from pineapple stem (2002) Biol. Chem, 383, pp. 1151-1156Hatano, K., Tanokura, M., Takahashi, K., The amino acid sequences of isoforms of the bromelain inhibitor from pineapple stem (1998) J. Biochem, 124, pp. 457-461Hjorth, R., Expanded bed adsorption in industrial bioprocessing: Recent developments (1997) Trends Biotechnol, 15, p. 230Hochstrasser, D.F., Patchornik, A., Merril, C.R., Development of Polyacrylamide gels that improve the separation of proteins and their detection by silver staining (1998) Analyt. Biochem, 173, pp. 412-423Hochstrasser, D.F., Merril, C.R., Catalysts' for Polyacrylamide gel polymerization and detection of proteins by silver staining (1998) Appl. Theor. Electrophoresis, 1, pp. 35-40Hebbar, H.U., Sumana, B., Raghavarao, K.S.M.S., Use of reverse micellar systems for the extraction and purification of bromelain term from pineapple wastes (2008) Bioresource Technology, 99, pp. 4896-4902Khan, R.H., Rasheedi, S., Haq, S.K., Effect of pH, temperature and alcohols on the stability of glycosylated and deglycosylated stem bromelain (2003) J. Biosci, 28, pp. 709-714Kim, M. H., Kim, H. K., Lee, J. K., Park, S. Y., Oh, T. K., Thermostable lipase of Bacillus stearothermophilus, high level production, purification and calciumdependent thermostability. Korea Res. Inst. Biosci. Biotechnol. 64:280-286 (2000)Kordel, M., Hofmann, B., Schomburg, D., Schimid, R.D., Extracelluar lipase of Pseudomonas sp. strain ATCC 21808: Purification, characterization, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction data (1991) J. Bacteriol, 173, pp. 4836-4841Kunitz, M., Crystalline soybean trypsin inhibitor: II general properties (1974) J. Gen. Physiol, 30, pp. 291-310Lali, A.M., Khare, A.S., Joshi, J.B., Behaviour of solid particles in viscous non-newtonian solutions: Settling velocity, wall effects and bed expansion in solid-liquid fluidized beds (1989) Powder Tech, 57, pp. 39-50Maurer, H.R., Bromelain: Biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use (2001) Cell. Mol. Life Sci, 58, pp. 1234-1245Mullick, A., Flickinger, M.C., Expanded bed adsorption of human serum albumin from very dense saccharomyces cerevesiae suspensions on fluoride-modified zirconia (1999) Biotechnol. Bioeng, 65, pp. 282-290Murachi, T., Bromelain enzymes (1976) Methods Enzymol, 45, pp. 475-485Ota, S., Horie, K., Hagino, F., Hashimoto, C., Date, H., Fractionation and some properties of the proteolytically active components of bromelains in the stem and the fruit of the pineapple plant (1972) J. Biochem, 71, pp. 817-830Rasheedi, S., Haq, S.K., Khan, R.H., Guanidine hydrochloride denaturation of glycosylated and deglycosylated stem bromelain (2003) Biochemistry, 68, pp. 1097-1100Roy, I., Pai, A., Lali, A., Gupta, M.N., Comparison of batch, packed bed and expanded bed purification of A. niger cellulose beads (1999) Bioseparation, 8, pp. 317-326Santos, E.S., Guirardello, R., Franco, T.T., Distributor Effect on Expanded Bed Adsorption (2000) International Conference IEX 2000 (Ion Exchange at the Millennium), , Cambridge/UKSantos, E.S., Guirardello, R., Franco, T.T., Preparative chromatography of xylanase using expanded bed adsorption (2002) J. Chrom. A, 944, pp. 217-224Silveira, E., (2007) Purificação e caracterização de bromelina a partir do extrato bruto de Ananas comosus por adsorção em leito expandido, , Dissertação de Mestrado. Faculdade de Engenharia Química: UnicampSilverstein, R.M., Kezdy, F.J., Characterization of the pineapple stem proteases (bromelain) (1975) Arch. Biochem.Biophys, 167, pp. 678-686Suh, H.J., Lee, H., Cho, H.Y., Yang, H.C., Purification and characterization of bromelain isolated from pineapple (1992) Han'guk Nonghwa Hakhoechi, 35, pp. 300-307Takahashi, N., Yasuda, Y., Goto, K., Miyake, T., Murachi, T., Multiple molecular forms of stem bromelain. Isolation and characterization of two closely related components, SB1 and SB2 (1973) J. Biochem, 74, pp. 355-373Tan, Y.P., Ling, T.C., Tan, W.S., Yusoff, K., Tey, B.T., Purification of recombinant nucleocapsid protein of Newcastle disease virus from unclarifled feedstock using expanded bed adsorption chromatography (2006) Prot. Expr. Purif, 46, pp. 114-121Thömmes, J., Fluidized bed adsorption as a primary recovery step in protein purification (1997) Adv. Biochem. Eng, 58, p. 185Toledo, A.L., Severo, J.J.B., Souza, R.R., Campos, E.S., Santana, J.C.C., Tambourgi, E.B., Purification by expanded bed adsorption and characterization of an a-amylase FORILASE NTL®from A. niger (2006) J. Chrom. B, 846, pp. 51-56Trinh, L., Phue, J.-N., Jaluria, P., Tsai, C.W., Narum, D.L., Shiloach, J., Screen-less expanded bed column: New approach for the recovery and purification of a malaria transmission blocking vaccine candidate from Pichia pastoris (2006) Biotechnol. Lett, 28, pp. 951-958Walter, H. E., Proteinases: methods with hemoglobin, casein, and azocoll as substrates. Pp. 270-277 in Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, 5, H.U. Bergmeyer, ed. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany (1984)Wang, S.-L., Peng, J.-H., Liang, T.-W., Liu, K.-C., Purification and characterization of a chitosanase from Serratia marcescens TKU011 (2008) Carbohydrate Research, 343, pp. 1316-1323Wharton, C.W., The structure and mechanism of stem bromelain. Evaluation of the homogeneity of purified stem bromelain, determination of the molecular weight and kinetic analysis of the bromelain-catalysed hydrolysis of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-serine methyl ester (1974) Biochem. J, 143, pp. 575-586Wheelwright, S.M., (1994) Protein purification: Design and scale up of downstream processing, , Munich: Hanser PublishersYamamoto, S., Okamoto, A., Walter, P., Effects of adsorbent properties on zone spreading in expanded bed chromatography (2001) Bioseparation, 1, pp. 1-10Yun, J.X., Yao, S.-J., Lin, D.-Q., Lu, M.-H., Zhao, W.-T., Modeling axial distributions of adsorbent particle size and local voidage in expanded bed (2004) Chem. Eng. Sci, 59, p. 449Yun, X.L., Lin, D.-Q., Lu, M.-H., Zhong, L.-N., Yao, S.-L., Measurement and modeling of axial distribution of adsorbent particles in expanded bed: Taking into account the particle density difference (2004) Chem. Eng. Sci, 59, p. 587

Reuse Of Textile Effluent Treated With Advanced Oxidation Process By Uv/h2o2

The objective of this work was to study the possibility of reuse of effluent in continuous dyeing of 100% cotton. Were made five dyeing, four with reactive dyes and one with fluorescent brightener, using the same bath after treatment by advanced oxidation process (AOP) by UV/H2O2. The efficiency results were higher than 85 % in all cases allowing total reuse of the effluent. The dyeing made with treated effluent were compared against dyeing made with water, with values of deviations smaller than 1.10. Based on these results and working with 1:10 liquor ratio, the consumption of water for a monthly production of 100 tons would be about 8,000 m3. The same dyeing made with treated effluent, adding approximately 10 % loss by evaporation, would spend only 88 m3, which represents a monthly saving of water around 7,912 m3. Copyright © 2012, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l.26207212(2011), www.abiquim.org.br/corantes/cor_aplicacoes.asp, ABIQUIM: Brazilian Association of Chemical Industry (In Portuguese)Al-Degs, Y.S., El-Barghouthi, M.I., El-Sheikh, A.H., Walker, G.M., Effect of solution pH, ionic strength, and temperature on adsorption behavior of reactive dyes on activated carbon (2008) Dyes and Pigments, 77 (1), pp. 16-23. , DOI 10.1016/j.dyepig.2007.03.001, PII S0143720807000538Biasi, P., Canu, P., Pinna, F., Salmi, T., Hydrogen peroxide direct synthesis: From catalyst preparation to continuous reactors (2011) Chemical Engineering Transactions, 24, pp. 49-54. , DOI: 10.3303/CET 1124009Fávere, V.T., Riella, H.G., Rosa, S., Chloride of N-(2-hydroxy) propyl-3-trimethyl ammonium chitosan as an adsorbent of reactive dyes in aqueous solution (In Portuguese) (2010) Química Nova, 337, pp. 1476-1481Gomez, M., Murcia, M.D., Gomez, E., Gomez, J.L., Christofi, N., Removal of 4-chlorophenol in the presence of methyl green using KrCL excilamp and H2O2: An approach to the treatment of dye effluents (2010) Chemical Engineering Transactions, 21, pp. 781-786. , DOI: 10.3303/CET1021131Ignachewski, F., Fujiwara, S.T., Cótica, L.F., Carneiro, L.M., Tauchert, E., Peralta-Zamora, P., Degradation of reactive dyes by photo-Fenton process involving the use of molecular sieve 4A modified with Fe3+ (In Portuguese) (2010) Química Nova, 338, pp. 1640-1645Oliveira, P.A., Rosa, J.M., Silveira, E., Levy, S.M., Souza, R.R., Tambourgi, E.B., Santana, J.C.C., Study of decomposition and reuse of effluent of a textile dyeing process: A comparison of biological processes and advanced oxidative (in portugese) (2009) Química Têxtil, (97), pp. 48-54Oliveira, S.M.A.C., Von Sperling, M., Evaluation of 166 ETEs operating in the country, comprising several technologies. Part I-Performance Analysis (In Portuguese) (2005) Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, 10, pp. 347-357Prado, M.V., Prado, R.V.B., Sectoral report of the brazilian textile industry (in portuguese) (2009) ABIT/IEMI, 8 (8), pp. 1-152Rosa, J.M., Santana, J.C.C., Baptista, E.A., (2009) Proceedings. XXIX National Meeting of Production Engineering, , Poster, Salvador, Bahia, BrazilRosa, J.M., Santana, J.C.C., Baptista, E.A., (2010) Proceedings of Safety, Health and Environmental World Congress, , Lecture, São Paulo, BrazilRuschioni, R., Finishing processes in wet opened knitted under ecological considerations and aspects of quality (In Portuguese) (2007) Química Têxtil, (86), pp. 54-6

Empirical Modeling Of Biodegradation Process Of Proteic Effluents By Enzymes Of Carica Papaya Sp. [modelagem Empírica Do Processo De Biodegradação De Efluentes Protéicos Por Enzimas De Carica Papaya Sp.]

The objective of this research was to model empirically the proteic effluent biodegradation by papains enzymes from Carica papaya sp. in an agitated bioreactor, to facilitate the optimization process by response surface methodology (RSM) and to apply in treatment of effluents from meat processing industries. The analysis of biodegradation curves showed that bioreactors residence time is between 28 and 30 h. Hiper plane empirical model was the one that best fitted to biodegradation data under the influence factors (pH and temperature) and the optimized operation zone for the protein biodegradation by papains was the one that presented the high temperature and low pH values.102436440Adds, J., Larkcom, E., Miller, R., (1998) Microorganisms and Biotechnology, pp. 19-33. , Croatia: Thomas Nelson and SonsBarros Neto, B., Scarminio, I.S., Bruns, R.E., (1995) Planejamento e Otimização de Experimentos, 1, p. 302. , 1.ed., Série Manuais, Campinas: UNICAMPBarros Neto, B., Scarminio, I.S., Bruns, R.E., (2001) Como Fazer Experimentos: Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Na Ciência e Na Indústria, 1, 406p. , 1.ed. Coleção Livros-Textos, Campinas:UNICAMPBradford, M.M., A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein. Utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding (1976) Analitical Biochemistry, 72, pp. 248-254. , New YorkResolução CONAMA N° 20, de 18 de Junho de 1986. Estabelece a Classificação Das Águas Doces, Salobras e Salinas Do Território Nacional, , http//www.mma.gov.br/port/conama/res/res86/res2086.html, Brasil. 25 Abr.2004Cadogan, A., Hanks, J., (1995) Microbiology & Biotechnology: Biology, Advanced Studies. 1.ed., pp. 31-64. , Croatia: Thomas Nelson and SonsDixon, M., Weeb, E.C., (1971) Enzymes. 2.ed., pp. 246-750. , London: Longman Group LtdLima, U.A., Aquarone, E., Borzani, W., Schimidell, W., (2001) Biotecnologia Industrial. Processos Fermentativos e Enzimáticos. 1.ed., 1, pp. 367-371. , São Paulo: Edgard Blücher Ltda(2003) Lei Da Vida: a Lei Dos Crimes Ambientais. Lei No 9.605, de 12 de Fevereiro de 1988 e Decreto No 3.179, de 21 de Setembro de 1999, , MMA/IBAMA - Ministério do Meio Ambiente/Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, BrasíliaMorita, T., Assumpção, R.M.V., (1995) Manual de Soluções, Reagentes e Solventes. Padronização-preparação-purificação. 2.ed., 276p. , São Paulo: Edgard Blücher LtdaPardi, M.C., Santos, I.F., Souza, E.R., Pardi, H.S., (1993) Ciência, Higiene e Tecnologia Da Carne. Ciência e Tecnologia Da Carne. Tecnologia Da Sua Obtenção e Transformação, 1, pp. 49-105. , Goiânia: UFGWiseman, A., (1985) Handbook of Enzyme Biotechnology. 2.ed., pp. 355-357. , Cinchester: Ellis Horwood Lt

Evaluation Of Sensorial Qualities Of Fruit Wines By Kohonen Neural Network

Sensorial qualities of fruit wines were compared by clustering due artificial neural networks. A Kohonen network has been used as a software tool in order to increase the human skills in this kind of application. Seven wine samples were used in this work, which the five samples were of Barbados cherry wine, one sample of peach wine and one sample of grape wine. 50 consumers chosen to perhaps had been used to obtain the sensorial data using a hedonic scale of 1-9 times. Sensorial values of flavor, aroma and appearance obtained of the hedonic dating were compared. Results showed that Kohonen network classified the Barbados cherry wines in distinct group, for frequency among yours sensorial responses. Kohonen network results were similar or better than statistical classification, this shows that the use of Kohonen algorithm in the sensorial analysis of wines is valid. Kohonen algorithm is very good in clustering of Barbados cherry wine samples and it uses in sensorial analyses of wines is promises. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.601216221Zhengzhou University,Beijing University of Science and Technology,University of Sydney,Bowling Green State University, USA,IAMSETAlmeida, S.S., Souza, R.R., Santana, J.C.C., Tambourgi, E.B., (2008) Sensorial Analysis of Wines From Malpigia Glaba L. Pulp, 5 (1), pp. 1-12Evangelista, A.F., Almeida, S.S., Santana, J.C.C., Souza, R.R., (2005) RSM Evaluation of Factors That Influencing to Acerola Wine Production, pp. 8-13. , marchGomes, P.M.A., Figueiredo, R.M.F., Queiroz, A.J.M., Caracterização e isotermas de adsorção de umidade de polpa de acerola em pó (2002) Brazilian Journal of Agroindustrial Product, 4 (2), pp. 157-165Kohonen, T., (2009) Self-Organization and Associative Memory, , Berlin: Springer-VerlagDias, C.G., Randonsky, V., The development of an auxiliar system to help in the pediatrics diagnosis using artificial neural" (2003) Exacta, 89-95Lima, U.A., Borzani, A., Aqarone, E., Schimidel, W., Biotecnologia Industrial: (2001) Processos Fermentativos, 3, p. 598. , 1a ed., São Paulo - SP: Ed. Blucher LtdaSevero Jr., J.B., Almeida, S.S., Narain, N., Souza, R.R., Santana, J.C.C., Tambourgi, E.B., Wine Clarification from Spondias mombin L. Pulp by Hollow Fiber Membrane System (2007) Process Biochemistry, 42, pp. 1516-1520Teixeira, E., Meinert, E.M., Barbetta, P.A., Análise Sensorial de Alimentos (1997) Série Didática, pp. 18-102. , Florianópolis - SC: EDUFS

Gel Immobilization Of Enzymes From Malted Corn [imobilização De Enzimas De Milho Maltado Em Gel]

This work aimed at optimizing the immobilization of amylases obtained from corn malt by the occlusion method with sodium alginate. Corn malt concentration, sodium alginate mass percentage and pH were used as factors that influence enzyme immobilization. The results showed that the best immobilization conditions were obtained at two ranges of corn malt concentration, one between 3.75-5 g.L-1 and the other between 15-16.25 g.L-1, at pH between 4.83-6.6 and at 4% (m/m) sodium alginate. In these conditions, 100% of the enzymes were immobilized with a low loss of activity. His work showed how to obtain immobilized corn malt amylases that can be used in industrial processes of starch hydrolysis by occlusion in sodium alginate.283642648BARROS NETO, B.SCARMINIO, I. S.BRUNS, R. E. Como Fazer Experimentes: Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento na Ciência e na Indústria. 1a ed. Campinas: EDUNICAMP, 2001. (Coleção Livros Textos)BARROS NETO, B., SCARMINIO, I.S., BRUNS, R.E., Planejamento e Otimização de Experimentos, l ed (1995) Série Manuals, , Campinas: EDUNICAMPBAYRAMOGLU, G., YILMAZ, M., ARICA, Y., Immobilization of a thermostable α-amylase onto reactive membranes: Kinetics characterization and application to continues starch hydrolysis (2004) Food Chemistry, 84 (4), pp. 591-599BIAZUS, J.P.M., Otimização da secagem do malte de Zea mays. (2006) Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 26 (4), pp. 787-792BIAZUS, J.P.M., Caracterização da atividade amilásica do malte de milho (Zea mays). (2006) Acta Scientiarum, 28 (1), pp. 13-19BIAZUS, J.P.M., Study of amylases recovery from maize malt by ion-exchange expanded bed chromatography (2006) Process Biochemistry, 41 (8), pp. 1786-1791BIAZUS, J.P.M., Maximizing of production stages of malt from Zea mays (2005) Brazilian Journal of Food Technology, v, pp. 138-145. , special, pBIAZUS, J.P.M., Optimization of drying process of Zea mays malt to use as alternative source of amylolytics enzymes (2005) Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 48 (SPEC. ISSUE), pp. 185-190BORZANI, W., (2001) Biotecnologia Industrial: Engenharia Bioquímica, 2. , 1 ed. São Paulo: Edgard Blucher LtdaBRADFORD, M.M., A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein. Utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding (1976) Analytical Biochemistry, 72 (1), pp. 248-254BRENA, M.B., Biolation and reversible immobilization of sweet potato b-amylase on thiolsulfonate-agarose (1993) Journal of Molecular Catalysis, 84 (3), pp. 381-390DAY, G., SINGH, B., BANERJEE, R., Immobilization of a-Amylase Produced by Bacillus circulant GRS 313 (2003) Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 46 (2), pp. 167-177CASTRO, H.F., ANDERSON, W.A., Fine chemicals by biotransformation using lipases (1995) Química Nova, 18 (6), pp. 544-554CRUZ, A. B. Lipase de farelo de arroz: Extração, imobilização e aplicação. Campinas, 2000, 101p. Tese - (Doutorado em Engenharia de Alimentos), Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMPDALLA-VECCHIA, R., NASCIMENTO, M.G., SOLDI, V., Aplicações sintéticas de lipases imobilizadas em polímeros. (2004) Química Nova, 27 (4), pp. 623-630GASPARI, J. W.GOMES, L. H.TAVARES, F. C. A. Imobilizac̃ão da inulinase de Kluyveromyces markianus para a hidrolise de extratos de Helianthus tuberosus L. Scientia Agrícola, v. 56, n. 4 suplemento, p. 1135-1140, 1999GOODENOUGH, P., LAW, B., Enzymes for food biotechnology (1991) BFE, 8 (12), pp. 22-24KOURKOUTAS, Y., Immobilization technologies and support materials suitable in alcohol beverages production: A review (2004) Food Microbiology, 21 (4), pp. 377-397LIM, H.L., MACDONALD, D.G., HILL, G.A., Hydrolysis of starch particles using immobilized barley cx-amylase (2003) Biochemical Engineering Journal, 13 (1), pp. 53-62MALCATA, F.X., Immobilized lipase reactors for modification of fats and oils-A review (1990) Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 67 (12), pp. 890-910OLSON, N.F., RICHARDSON, T., Immobilized enzymes in food processing and analysis (1974) Journal of Food Science, 39 (3), pp. 653-659PEREIRA, E.B., ZANIN, G.M., CASTRO, H.F., Immobilization and catalytic properties of lipase on chitosan for hydrolysis and esterification reactions (2003) Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 20 (4), pp. 343-355REGULY, J. C. Biotecnologia dos Processes Fermentativos. 1 ed. Pelotas: EDUFPel, 2000. v. 3ROBLE, N.D., OGBONNA, J.C., TANAKA, H., A novel circulation loop bioreactor with cells immobilized in loofa (Lua cylindrical) sponge for the bioconversion of raw cassawa starch to ethanol (2000) Applied Microbiology Biotechnology, 60 (3), pp. 671-678SANTANA, J. C. C. Recuperação das enzimas e β-amilases em sistema bifásico aquoso PEG/CaCl2 para uso como biocatalizador amiláceos. Campinas, 200. 232p. Dissertaç ão - (Mestrado em Engenharia Química), Faculdade de Engenharia Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMPSOARES, C. M. F. Otimização por planejamento experimental da imobilização de lipase em silica de porosidade controlada na presença de estabilizante. Campinas, 2000. 107p. Dissertaç ão -(Mestrado em Engenharia de Alimentos), Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAM

A Bootstrapped Neural Network Model Applied To Prediction Of The Biodegradation Rate Of Reactive Black 5 Dye [um Modelo De Rede Neural Bootstrap Aplicado Na Predição Da Taxa De Biodegradação Do Corante Reactive Black 5]

Current essay forwards a biodegradation model of a dye, used in the textile industry, based on a neural network propped by bootstrap remodeling. Bootstrapped neural network is set to generate estimates that are close to results obtained in an intrinsic experience in which a chemical process is applied. Pseudomonas oleovorans was used in the biodegradation of reactive Black 5. Results show a brief comparison between the information estimated by the proposed approach and the experimental data, with a coefficient of correlation between real and predicted values for a more than 0.99 biodegradation rate. Dye concentration and the solution's pH failed to interfere in biodegradation index rates. A value above 90% of dye biodegradation was achieved between 1.000 and 1.841 mL 10 mL-1 of microorganism concentration and between 1.000 and 2.000 g 100 mL-1 of glucose concentration within the experimental conditions under analysis.353565572Akhtar, S., Khan, A.A., Husain, Q., Potential of immobilized bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) peroxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile dyes from polluted wastewater and dyeing effluent (2005) Chemosphere, 60 (3), pp. 291-301Aleboyeh, A., Kasiri, M.B., Olya, M.E., Aleboyeh, H., Prediction of azo dye decolorization by UV/H2O2 using artificial neural networks (2008) Dyes and Pigments, 77 (2), pp. 288-294(1995) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, , APHA-American Public Health Association. 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Genotype by environment interaction for post-weaning weight gain, scrotal circumference, and muscling score of composite beef cattle in different regions of Brazil

The objectives of this study were to characterize and define homogenous production environments of composite beef cattle in Brazil in terms of climatic and geographic variables by using multivariate exploratory techniques; to evaluate the presence of genotype by environment interaction (GxE) for post-weaning weight gain (PWG), yearling scrotal circumference (SC), and yearling muscling (MUS). Hierarchical and nonhierarchical cluster analysis was used to group farms located in regions with similar environmental variables into clusters. Six clusters of farms were formed. The effect of sire-cluster interaction was tested by single-trait analysis. Genetic parameters were estimated by multi-trait analysis considering the same trait to be different in each cluster. The effect of sire-cluster interaction was significant (P <0.01) for PWG and MUS. Estimates of genetic correlations among clusters ranged from 0.31 to 0.93 for PWG, 0.64 to 0.89 for SC, and 0.18 to 0.80 for MUS. These results indicate the need for a genetic analysis on a regional basis or inclusion of the GxE effect in the statistical model to permit appropriate evaluation of the animals