Concentrated suspensions of Brownian beads in water: dynamic heterogeneities trough a simple experimental technique

Concentrated suspensions of Brownian hard-spheres in water are an epitome for understanding the glassy dynamics of both soft materials and supercooled molecular liquids. From an experimental point of view, such systems are especially suited to perform particle tracking easily, and, therefore, are a benchmark for novel optical techniques, applicable when primary particles cannot be resolved. Differential Variance Analysis (DVA) is one such novel technique that simplifies significantly the characterization of structural relaxation processes of soft glassy materials, since it is directly applicable to digital image sequences of the sample. DVA succeeds in monitoring not only the average dynamics, but also its spatio-temporal fluctuations, known as dynamic heterogeneities. In this work, we study the dynamics of dense suspensions of Brownian beads in water, imaged through digital video-microscopy, by using both DVA and single-particle tracking. We focus on two commonly used signatures of dynamic heterogeneities: the dynamic susceptibility, $\chi_4$, and the non-Gaussian parameter, $\alpha_2$. By direct comparison of these two quantities, we are able to highlight similarities and differences. We do confirm that $\chi_4$ and $\alpha_2$ provide qualitatively similar information, but we find quantitative discrepancies in the scalings of characteristic time and length scale on approaching the glass transition.Comment: The original publication is available at http://www.scichina.com and http://www.springerlink.com http://engine.scichina.com/publisher/scp/journal/SCPMA/doi/10.1007/s11433-019-9401-x?slug=abstrac

Single-photon sub-Rayleigh precision measurements of a pair of incoherent sources of unequal intensity

Interferometric methods have been recently investigated to achieve sub-Rayleigh imaging and precision measurements of faint incoherent sources up to the ultimate quantum limit. Here we consider single-photon imaging of two point-like emitters of unequal intensity. This is motivated by the fact that pairs of natural emitters will typically have unequal brightness, as for example binary star systems and exoplanets. We address the problems of estimating the transverse separation $d$ and the relative intensity $\epsilon$. Our theoretical analysis shows that the associated statistical errors are qualitatively different from the case of equal intensity. We employ multi-plane light conversion technology to experimentally implement Hermite-Gaussian (HG) spatial-mode demultiplexing (SPADE), and demonstrate sub-Rayleigh measurement of two emitters with Gaussian point-spread function. The experimental errors are comparable with the theoretical bounds. The latter are benchmarked against direct imaging, yielding a $\epsilon^{-1/2}$ improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio, which may be significant when the primary source is much brighter than the secondary one, as for example for imaging of exoplanets. However, achieving this improved scaling requires low noise in the implementation of SPADE, which is typically affected by crosstalk between HG modes.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures, comments welcom

Linestrength ratio spectroscopy as a new primary thermometer for redefined Kelvin dissemination

Experimental methods for primary thermometry, after Kelvin unit redefinition on May 2019, become based on a known value of the Boltzmann constant rather than by measuring temperature with respect to a reference point. In this frame, we propose Linestrength Ratio Thermometry (LRT) as a candidate method for primary thermometry in the 9-700 K temperature range. Temperature accuracies at the ppm level are prospected for LRT applied to optical transitions of the CO molecule in the range 80-700 K and of a rare-earth-doped crystal in the 9-100 K one. Future implementations of this technique can contribute to measure the calibration- discrepancies in the ITS-90 metrological scale of thermodynamic temperature which can have a measurable impact in applications ranging from fundamental-physics to meteorology and climatology

A Coherent Optical Fiber Link for Very Long Baseline Interferometry

We realize a phase-stabilised optical fiber backbone that connects the Italian National Metrology Institute with two radio telescopes over a 600 km baseline. This allows referencing of Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) facilities with the best atomic frequency standards available today and the implementation of a common-clock architecture, which we are now using to assess VLBI ultimate performances

VLBI experiments with the dissemination of a common clock via coherent optical fiber link

Atomic clock synchronization plays an important role in both astronomical and geodetic Very Long Baseline Interferometry, as time and frequency standards are provided by station clocks. National metrological institutes have recently started streaming (via optical fiber links) frequency references from ultra-stable clocks based on optical line transitions in Strontium/Ytterbium laser-cooled lattices. Optical lattice clocks are already two orders of magnitude more stable than the radio station H-masers. In this talk we will describe how the Italian Qauntum Backbone (IQB) was used to carry out a series of European geodetic VLBI experiments in which the Medicina and Matera radio stations were connected to the same remote clock located at the Italian Metrological institute in Turin, via the IQB optical link. In the foreseeable future a European VLBI network of radio stations could be connected via optical fiber links to a single very high-performance clock hosted by a European Metrological institute

Common-clock very long baseline interferometry using a coherent optical fiber link

Among the most powerful techniques for the exploration of the Universe is very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), which is based on the simultaneous observation of radio sources in the sky with arrays of distant ground-based antennas. One of the effects currently limiting its ultimate sensitivity is the phase-instability of the reference clocks adopted at each antenna. This termcan be made negligible delivering the same clock signal to multiple telescope sites using optical fibers. We realized such an infrastructure by disseminating a coherent optical frequency signal to two distant radio telescopes using a 1739-km-long fiber.We performed a 24 h geodetic VLBI campaign in which the same clock reference was used at both telescopes and analyzed it using standard VLBI procedures. The results were consistent with the expectations, confirming that the proposed approach is feasible and configures as a novel tool for studying the role of clocks, troposphere, and systematic effects in the ultimate VLBI resolution

Recombination dynamics in zinc oxide

In this work were studied the recombination dynamics of electron hole pairs in Zinc Oxide bulk crystal and nanowires using time resolved, time integrated and excitation resolved photoluminescence measurements. In particular are shown some experimental results regarding possible gas sensing applications of ZnO nanowires and some optical properties of this material confirming it as promising material for optoelectronics. Also a characterization of ZnO bulk crystal is performed, in particular the study of high injection effects is described. Moreover are explained some models showing that is possible to use time resolved photoluminescence measurements (TRPL) to obtain information on semiconductor materials, then these models are tested on ZnO bulk crystal

Multiwavelength Frequency Modulated CW Ladar: The Effect of Refractive Index

Frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) laser detection and ranging is a technique for absolute distance measurements with high performances in terms of resolution, non-ambiguity range, accuracy and fast detection. It is based on a simple experimental setup, thus resulting in cost restraint with potential wide spread, not only limited to research institutions. The technique has been widely studied and improved both in terms of experimental setup by absolute reference or active stabilization and in terms of data analysis. Very recently a multi-wavelength approach has been exploited, demonstrating high precision and non ambiguity range. The variability of refractive index along the path was not taken into account with consequent degradation of range accuracy. In this work we developed a simple model able to take into account refractive index effect in multi-wavelength FMCW measurement. We performed a numerical simulation in different atmospheric conditions of temperature, pressure, humidity and CO2 concentration showing a net improvement of range accuracy when refractive index modeling is used

Quest for new data: Ionizing radiation metrology in the presence of laser-assisted scattering processes

Radiation metrology is crucial in space, for instance in monitoring the conditions on-board space vehicles. The energy released in matter by ionizing radiation is due to the atomic and molecular ionization processes, which have been investigated for several decades from both a theoretical and an experimental point of view. Electronic excitation and ionization cross-section are of particular interest in radiation physics, because of their role in the radiation–matter interaction process. Recently, experimental findings have shown that the interplay with a laser field can strongly modify the electronic interaction probabilities and emission spectra. These phenomena are still not completely understood from a theoretical point of view, and the available empirical data concern a few, simple atomic species. We represent a possible dosimetric effect of the interaction with laser light, inferring from experiments the characteristics of laser-assisted cross-sections. Using a Monte-Carlo calculation for simulating the micro-dosimetric aspects of the irradiation of a simple geometry, we show the need of new experimental data and more detailed theoretical approaches to these phenomena in complex molecular systems