Gestión de agronegocios en empresas asociativas rurales: Curso de capacitación. Guía comentada de lecturas

Su objetivo es facilitarle información especializada que, en atención a la diversidad de sus necesidades de aprendizaje, permita ampliar el contenido de los temas desarrollados en los cuatro módulos del curs

Gestión de agronegocios en empresas asociativas rurales: Curso de capacitación. Módulo 1: Sistema agroproductivo, cadenas y competitividad

Tiene como propósito ofrecer a los líderes de las empresas asociativas rurales una visión integral de las cadenas agroproductivas como parte de un sistema dentro del cual se articulan los componentes productivos y de servicios; reconociendo que su sostenibilidad depende de encontrar un equilibrio entre lo económico, lo social, lo ambiental y el diseño y aplicación de instrumentos de política que lo favorezca

The evolution of the ventilatory ratio is a prognostic factor in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients

Background: Mortality due to COVID-19 is high, especially in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The purpose of the study is to investigate associations between mortality and variables measured during the first three days of mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19 intubated at ICU admission. Methods: Multicenter, observational, cohort study includes consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to 44 Spanish ICUs between February 25 and July 31, 2020, who required intubation at ICU admission and mechanical ventilation for more than three days. We collected demographic and clinical data prior to admission; information about clinical evolution at days 1 and 3 of mechanical ventilation; and outcomes. Results: Of the 2,095 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU, 1,118 (53.3%) were intubated at day 1 and remained under mechanical ventilation at day three. From days 1 to 3, PaO2/FiO2 increased from 115.6 [80.0-171.2] to 180.0 [135.4-227.9] mmHg and the ventilatory ratio from 1.73 [1.33-2.25] to 1.96 [1.61-2.40]. In-hospital mortality was 38.7%. A higher increase between ICU admission and day 3 in the ventilatory ratio (OR 1.04 [CI 1.01-1.07], p = 0.030) and creatinine levels (OR 1.05 [CI 1.01-1.09], p = 0.005) and a lower increase in platelet counts (OR 0.96 [CI 0.93-1.00], p = 0.037) were independently associated with a higher risk of death. No association between mortality and the PaO2/FiO2 variation was observed (OR 0.99 [CI 0.95 to 1.02], p = 0.47). Conclusions: Higher ventilatory ratio and its increase at day 3 is associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 receiving mechanical ventilation at ICU admission. No association was found in the PaO2/FiO2 variation

Voluntary Standards: Impacting Smallholders’ Market Participation

il s'agit d'un type de produit dont les métadonnées ne correspondent pas aux métadonnées attendues dans les autres types de produit : REPORTVoluntary standards are rules, guidelines or characteristics about a product or a process. They are not mandatory regulations, but are used voluntarily by producers, processors, retailers and consumers. These voluntary standards are usually developed by private sector actors (e.g. firms or consortiums), representatives of civil society, or public sector agencies.Voluntary standards are part of a growing trend in global markets. As a result, FAO and member countries are being asked to respond adequately to the opportunities and challenges presented by business models that could foster both increased food security and better market access for small-scale producers.FAO reviewed the current evidence of the impact of voluntary standards on smallholders’ ability to participate in markets and found that it is limited mainly to three standards: GLOBALG.A.P., fairtrade and organic. Moreover, most studies focus on coffee and horticulture products, and cover only a handful of countries: Costa Rica, Kenya, Mexico, Peru and Uganda

The processes of reading in higher education as a strategy to prevent university dropout

Este ensayo argumentativo se orienta a revisar las prácticas de la lectura como proceso de aprendizaje en la educación superior, que buscan potenciar el nivel académico y evitar la deserción estudiantil. Para ello se hizo un primer acercamiento a campo desde un enfoque cualitativo que se combinó con la revisión bibliográfica acerca de las dificultades presentadas por estudiantes de I semestre de Psicología de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana en la comprensión de textos, como también sobre qué y para qué leen los estudiantes universitarios, acudiendo A fuentes primarias (entrevista a experto en literatura y lingüística) junto a una encuesta a estudiantes de primer semestre y fuentes secundarias a través de estudios realizados en universidades colombianas sobre este tema. De esta manera, se pretende abordar de forma crítica y reflexiva la relación existente entre los resultados que se obtienen en las Pruebas Saber y Saber Pro, las Pruebas Pisa a la luz del desarrollo de competencias que a través de la lectura, el estudiante de I semestre debe apropiar y aplicar para ver en la lectura la herramienta de aprendizaje para la vida.This argumentative essay aims to review reading practices as a learning process in higher education, which seek to promote the academic level and avoid student dropout. For this purpose, a first approach to the field was made from a qualitative encounter that was combined with the bibliographical review about the difficulties presented by first semester students from Psychology of the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana in the understanding of texts, as well as on what and for what the university students read, going to primary sources (an interview with an expert in literature and linguistics) along with a survey of first-semester students and secondary sources through studies conducted in Colombian universities on this topic. In this way, we intend to approach in a critical and reflexive way the relation between the results obtained in the Saber and Saber Pro Tests, the Pisa Tests in the light of the development of competences that through reading, the first semester student must appropriate and apply to see in reading the learning tool for life

Participatory Guarantee Systems as institutional innovations: are these effective governance arrangements?

Panel 6: The Governance of Agricultural Supply ChainThis article addresses the question of the behavioral effectiveness of standards by looking at howVoluntary Sustainability Standards work as incentives in the adoption of sustainable agriculturepractices. We argue that they are effective because the institutions that are mobilized through agovernance arrangement enable producers to be linked with multiple stakeholders who provide supportfor the adoption of sustainable practices. We illustrate how these governance arrangements are set upthrough a cross-examination of case studies on PGS that have been developed in six countries aroundthe world (Bolivia, Colombia, India, Namibia, Philippines and Uganda). We explore which actors areinvolved in each case, how the problem of ‘unsustainability’ is framed in order to mobilize collectiveaction, and the effectiveness of these approaches in terms of institutionalizing organic agriculturepractices within the communities

Certifying smallholder producers: linking specific challenges to general trends

This session will showcase lessons learned from the experiences of small-scale producers in meeting the requirements for participation in certified supply chains. We draw upon two FAO activities to provide the specificity of a case study and the generality of these problems within broader trends found through empirical studies. We use a case study from a project in Guatemala that partnered with private and public organizations to certify small-scale producers for GlobalGAP standards in the horticulture sector targeting high-value markets. We use a literature review of empirical studies and project reports to situate this case study within broader trends. An ‘impacts pathway’ was developed to understand how antecedent variables at farm, value chain, standard system and institutional levels impact the profitability and ways in which farmers participate in certified supply chains. During this session we will discuss the role of partnerships in preparing smallholder farmers for certification, the challenges encountered during the implementation and certification of GAP, and the practical ways found to link small-scale producers to certified supply chains for both domestic and export markets

Voluntary Standards: Impacting Smallholders’ Market Participation

il s'agit d'un type de produit dont les métadonnées ne correspondent pas aux métadonnées attendues dans les autres types de produit : REPORTVoluntary standards are rules, guidelines or characteristics about a product or a process. They are not mandatory regulations, but are used voluntarily by producers, processors, retailers and consumers. These voluntary standards are usually developed by private sector actors (e.g. firms or consortiums), representatives of civil society, or public sector agencies.Voluntary standards are part of a growing trend in global markets. As a result, FAO and member countries are being asked to respond adequately to the opportunities and challenges presented by business models that could foster both increased food security and better market access for small-scale producers.FAO reviewed the current evidence of the impact of voluntary standards on smallholders’ ability to participate in markets and found that it is limited mainly to three standards: GLOBALG.A.P., fairtrade and organic. Moreover, most studies focus on coffee and horticulture products, and cover only a handful of countries: Costa Rica, Kenya, Mexico, Peru and Uganda

Lessons learned from field projects on voluntary standards: Synthesis of results

This paper synthesizes FAO’s field experiences on voluntary standards (VS) through collective work across departments. Colleagues volunteered to provide information about their most recent field projects in order to draw out key lessons regarding the design, implementation and evaluation of projects that dealt with VS. Through this collective process, thematic good practices were identified related to the nature of support provided to small-scale producers, processors and decision-makers. The first section provides a general overview of the selected case studies and the projects on which they report. In the following sections, lessons are collated following the project cycle, namely the design, implementation and evaluation phases. Finally, the paper concludes by discussing some of the trade-offs that VS require and proposes suggestions on the way forwar

Innovative markets for sustainable agriculture: How innovations in market institutions encourage sustainable agriculture in developing countries

Between 2013 and 2015, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA) undertook a survey of innovative approaches that enable markets to act as incentives in the transition towards sustainable agriculture in developing countries. Through a competitive selection process, 15 cases from around the world provide insights into how small-scale initiatives that use sustainable production practices are supported by market demand, and create innovations in the institutions that govern sustainable practices and market exchanges. These cases respond to both local and distant consumers’ concerns about the quality of the food that they eat. The book evidences that the initiatives rely upon social values (e.g. trustworthiness, health [nutrition and food safety], food sovereignty, promotion of youth and rural development, farmer and community livelihoods) to adapt sustainable practices to local contexts, while creating new market outlets for food products. Specifically, private sector and civil society actors are leading partnerships with the public sector to build market infrastructure, integrate sustainable agriculture into private and public education and extension programmes, and ensure the exchange of transparent information about market opportunities. The results are: (i) system innovations that allow new rules for marketing and assuring the sustainable qualities of products; (ii) new forms of organization that permit actors to play multiple roles in the food system (e.g. farmer and auditor, farmer and researcher, consumer and auditor, consumer and intermediary); (iii) new forms of market exchange, such as box schemes, university kiosks, public procurement or systems of seed exchanges; and (iv) new technologies for sustainable agriculture (e.g. effective micro-organisms, biopesticides and soil analysis techniques). The public sector plays a key role in providing legitimate political and physical spaces for multiple actors to jointly create and share sustainable agricultural knowledge, practices and products