Quantitative risk assessment of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes in minimally processed vegetables

A ocorrência de surtos de doencas associadas aos vegetais minimamente processados (VMP) tem chamado a atenção para a sua segurança microbiológica. A avaliação quantitativa de riscos permite que o impacto das materias-primas e processamento seja avaliado e os resultados obtidos sejam usados para gestão e comunicação do risco. Desta forma, o presente estudo objetivou quantificar o risco de infecções por Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes a partir do consumo de VMP no Brasil. Um total de quinhentas e doze amostras de VMP foram analisadas e foi possivel enumerar e detectar Salmonella em 0,4% e 0,4% das amostras, respectivamente. L. monocytogenes foi enumerada e detectada em 0,97% e 3,1% das amostras analisadas, respectivamente. Os isolados de Salmonella spp. (n=4) e L. monocytogenes (n=69) foram confirmados por PCR e caracterizados por sorotipagem tradicional. Os isolados de L. monocytogenes foram caracterizados quanto ao ribotipo, resistencia ao cloro, taxa de multiplicação (µ), capacidade de formação de biofilmes e presença de genes de virulência. O sorovar predominante entre Salmonella spp. foi S. Typhimurium. Em relação a L. monocytogenes, observou-se prevalência do sorotipo 4b e do ribogrupo DUP-1038 e presenca de genes de virulência em 100% (inlA) e 97% (inlC e inlJ) dos isolados. A maioria dos isolados de L. monocytogenes foi resistente a exposição a 125 ppm de cloro livre, e todos foram capazes de aderir ao aco inox, atingindo concentracoes acima de 4 log UFC/cm2. Testes-desafio foram conduzidos para determinar o potencial de multiplicação (δ) de cepas de Salmonella e L. monocytogenes em nove diferentes tipos of VMPs armazenados a 7°C e 15°C por 6 dias. O armazenamento a 15°C por 6 dias resultou nos maiores aumentos nas populações de L. monocytogenes em couve picada (δ= 3,34) e rúcula ((δ= 3,22), enquanto para Salmonella, as maiores populações foram observadas em rúcula (δ= 4,05) e escarola (δ= 2,80). Testes-desafios posteriores indicaram que a multiplicação dos dois patógenos em VMP foi mais pronunciada quando os mesmos foram embalados sob atmosfera modificada em comparação a embalagem em filmes perfurados. Modelos preditivos primários e secundários descrevendo a taxa de multiplicação e tempo de lag de Salmonella spp. e L. monocytogenes em VMP em função da temperatura de armazenamento (7, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30°C) foram gerados. Verificou-se que os modelos gerados apresentaram a precisão necessária e foram adequados para modelagem da multiplicação dos dois patógenos em VMP. Os modelos de avaliação quantitativa de risco (AQR) foram construidos para determinar a probabilidade de infecção por Salmonella spp. e L. monocytogenes devido ao consumo de VMPs. Os modelos construidos com base nos dados levantados da literatura indicaram risco de infecção por Salmonella spp. e L. monocytogenes de 8.66 x 10-3 e 1.87 x 10-8, respectivamente, sendo necessário que medidas de mitigação do risco sejam adotadas.The occurrence of foodborne disease outbreaks linked to minimally processed vegetables (MPV) is concerning industries, consumers and governments worldwide. Quantitative risk assessments can estimate the impact of raw materials and processing practices and these estimates are used for risk management and risk communication. This study aimed at quantifying the risks of infection by Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes due to consumption of MPV in Brazil. A total of five hundred and twelve samples of MPV were analyzed and Salmonella was detected and enumerated in 0.4% and 0.4% of the samples, respectively. L. monocytogenes was enumerated and detected in 0.97% and 3.1% of the samples analyzed, respectively. Isolates of Salmonella spp. (n=4) and L. monocytogenes (n=69) were confirmed through PCR and characterized by traditional serotyping. The isolates of L. monocytogenes were characterized for their ribotype, resistance to chlorine, growth rate, (µ) and ability to form biofilms and presence of virulence factors. Among Salmonella spp., S. Thyphimurium was the most prevalent serovar. Among L. monocytogenes, prevalence of serotype 4b and ribotype DUP-1038 was observed. Virulence gene inlA was present in 100% of the isolates, and genes inlC and inlJ in 97%. The majority of L. monocytogenes isolates were resistant to up to 125 ppm of free chlorine and all isolates were able to attach to stainless steel coupons, reaching populations of up to 4 log10 CFU/cm2. Challenge tests were carried out to determine the growth potential (δ) of Salmonella and L. monocytogenes in nine types of MPV stored at 7°C and 15°C for 6 days. The storage of MPV at 15°C for 6 days resulted in the greatest increases in L. monocytogenes populations in shredded collard green (δ= 3.34) and arugula (δ= 3.22), whereas for Salmonella, the highest populations were found in arugula (δ= 4.05) and escarole (δ= 2.80). Further challenge tests indicated that multiplication of both pathogens in MPV was more pronounced when these products were packaged under modified atmosphere in comparison to packaging in perforated films. Primary and secondary predictive models describing the growth rate and lag time of Salmonella and L. monocytogenes in MPV as a function of storage temperature (7-30°C) were generated. The generated models were accurate and suitable for modeling the growth of pathogens in MPVs. Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) models were built to determine the probability of infection by Salmonella and L. monocytogenes due to consumption of MPVs. The models built using data available in the literature indicated that the risks of infection by these pathogens were 8.66 x 10-3 and 1.87 x 10-8, respectively, evidencing the need for adoption of risk mitigation measures

Comparação entre o sistema Petrifilm RSA® e a metodologia convencional para a enumeração de estafilococos coagulase positiva em alimentos Comparison of Petrifilm RSA system with the traditional methodology for the enumeration of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus in foods

A pesquisa de estafilococos coagulase positiva em alimentos é feita através de sua detecção e enumeração em meios seletivos e diferenciais e posterior caracterização pelos testes de coagulase, termonuclease, Gram e catalase. Estes testes podem requerer até quatro dias para obtenção dos resultados finais, além do tempo e material dispensados ao seu uso. As placas Petrfilm® RSA são uma alternativa a esta metodologia. No presente estudo, foram analisadas 62 amostras de diferentes alimentos comparando-se a metodologia tradicional (ABP), seguido dos testes de coagulaseou Staphytect Plus e o sistema Petrifilm. O sistema Petrifilm® RSA diferiu significativamente da metodologia tradicional, dando médias de contagem superiores. Ao se considerar colônias típicas e atípicas, o ABP seguido de confirmação pelo Staphytect Plus diferiu significativamente dos demais métodos testados. O Petrifilm RSA é uma alternativa para a enumeração de estafilococos coagulase positivos em alimentos, em virtude do menor tempo (aproximadamente 31 horas), para obter-se resultados realmente quantitativos. Deve-se testar tanto colônias típicas quanto atípicas crescidas no ABP, para se evitar falhas na quantificação dos resultados. Esta contagem é mais significativa ao se usar o teste de aglutinação em látex (Staphytect Plus). A análise de estafilococos em alimentos apresenta diversas limitações.<br>Foods are examined for the presence of coagulase-positive staphylococci using selective and differential media followed by characterization for coagulase, thermoestable nuclease, Gram and catalase tests. These tests may require up to four days to obtain the results, besides time and material used. The Petrifilm® rapid S.aureus count plate is a alternative to traditional methodology. In this study, 62 samples of several foods were analysed comparing the BPA method followed by coagulase or latex agglutination tests and Petrifilm® RSA method. The Petrifilm RSA method was significantly different to BPA method, with higher mean log counts. The BPA method followed by latex agglutination test for typical and atypical colonies were significantly different from the other methods used. The Petrifilm® RSA method is an alternative on enumeration of coagulase-positive staphylococci in foods, because true quantitave results were obtained in approximately 31 hours. Typical and atypical colonies on BPA should be tested to obtain accurate results. This count is more significative when latex agglutination test is used. Food analyses for staphylococci showed several limitations

Inactivation of neosartorya fischeri and paecilomyces variotii on paperboard packaging material by hydrogen peroxide and heat

This study reports on the influence of heat and hydrogen peroxide combination on the inactivation kinetics of two heat resistant molds: Neosartorya fischeri and Paecilomyces variotii. Spores of different ages (1 and 4 months) of these molds were prepared and D-values (the time required at certain temperature/hydrogen peroxide combination to inactivate 90% of the mold ascospores) were determined using thermal death tubes. D-values found for P. variotii ranged from 1.2 to 25.1 s after exposure to different combinations of heat (40 or 60 °C) and hydrogen peroxide (35 or 40% w/w) while for N. fischeri they varied from 2.7 to 14.3 s after exposure to the same hydrogen peroxide concentrations and higher temperatures (60 or 70 °C). The influence of temperature and hydrogen peroxide concentration on the d-values varied with the genus of mold and their ages. A synergistic effect of heat and hydrogen peroxide in reducing D-values of Paecilomyces variotti and N. fischeri has been observed. In addition to strict control of temperature, time and hydrogen concentration, hygienic storage and handling of laminated paperboard material must be considered to reduce the probability of package’s contamination. All these measures together will ensure package’s sterility that is imperative for the effectiveness of aseptic processing and consequently to ensure the microbiological stability of processed foods during shelf-life231165170CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQSem informaçã

Inactivation of Neosartorya fischeri and Paecilomyces variotii on paperboard packaging material by hydrogen peroxide and heat

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)This study reports on the influence of heat and hydrogen peroxide combination on the inactivation kinetics of two heat resistant molds: Neosartorya fischeri and Paecilomyces variotii. Spores of different ages (1 and 4 months) of these molds were prepared and D-values (the time required at certain temperature/hydrogen peroxide combination to inactivate 90% of the mold ascospores) were determined using thermal death tubes. D-values found for P. variotii ranged from 1.2 to 25.1 s after exposure to different combinations of heat (40 or 60 degrees C) and hydrogen peroxide (35 or 40% w/w) while for N. fischeri they varied from 2.7 to 14.3 s after exposure to the same hydrogen peroxide concentrations and higher temperatures (60 or 70 degrees C). The influence of temperature and hydrogen peroxide concentration on the d-values varied with the genus of mold and their ages. A synergistic effect of heat and hydrogen peroxide in reducing D-values of Paecilomyces variotti and N. fischeri has been observed. In addition to strict control of temperature, time and hydrogen concentration, hygienic storage and handling of laminated paperboard material must be considered to reduce the probability of package's contamination. All these measures together will ensure package's sterility that is imperative for the effectiveness of aseptic processing and consequently to ensure the microbiological stability of processed foods during shelf-life. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.231165170Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Repressão penal e crime organizado: os novos rumos da política criminal após o 11 de setembro

Divulgação dos SUMÁRIOS das obras recentemente incorporadas ao acervo da Biblioteca Ministro Oscar Saraiva do STJ. Em respeito à lei de Direitos Autorais, não disponibilizamos a obra na íntegra. STJ0007943