Clima.

4. ed

Out-of-order vector architectures

Register renaming and out-of-order instruction issue are now commonly used in superscalar processors. These techniques can also be used to significant advantage in vector processors, as this paper shows. Performance is improved and available memory bandwidth is used more effectively. Using a trace driven simulation we compare a conventional vector implementation, based on the Convex C3400, with an out-of-order, register renaming, vector implementation. When the number of physical registers is above 12, out-of-order execution coupled with register renaming provides a speedup of 1.24-1.72 for realistic memory latencies. Out-of-order techniques also tolerate main memory latencies of 100 cycles with a performance degradation less than 6%. The mechanisms used for register renaming and out-of-order issue can be used to support precise interrupts-generally a difficult problem in vector machines. When precise interrupts are implemented, there is typically less than a 10% degradation in performance. A new technique based on register renaming is targeted at dynamically eliminating spill code; this technique is shown to provide an extra speedup ranging between 1.10 and 1.20 while reducing total memory traffic by an average of 15-20%.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Compressibility and structural stability of ultra-incompressible bimetallic interstitial carbides and nitrides

We have investigated by means of high-pressure x-ray diffraction the structural stability of Pd2Mo3N, Ni2Mo3C0.52N0.48, Co3Mo3C0.62N0.38, and Fe3Mo3C. We have found that they remain stable in their ambient-pressure cubic phase at least up to 48 GPa. All of them have a bulk modulus larger than 330 GPa, being the least compressible material Fe3Mo3C, B0 = 374(3) GPa. In addition, apparently a reduction of compressibility is detected as the carbon content increased. The equation of state for each material is determined. A comparison with other refractory materials indicates that interstitial nitrides and carbides behave as ultra-incompressible materials.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl

SCOOTER: A compact and scalable dynamic labeling scheme for XML updates

Although dynamic labeling schemes for XML have been the focus of recent research activity, there are significant challenges still to be overcome. In particular, though there are labeling schemes that ensure a compact label representation when creating an XML document, when the document is subject to repeated and arbitrary deletions and insertions, the labels grow rapidly and consequently have a significant impact on query and update performance. We review the outstanding issues todate and in this paper we propose SCOOTER - a new dynamic labeling scheme for XML. The new labeling scheme can completely avoid relabeling existing labels. In particular, SCOOTER can handle frequently skewed insertions gracefully. Theoretical analysis and experimental results confirm the scalability, compact representation, efficient growth rate and performance of SCOOTER in comparison to existing dynamic labeling schemes

Clima e solo.

4. ed

Influência da rotação de culturas no sistema radicular do milho e em algumas características químicas de um latossolo vermelho-escuro distrófico da região de Sete Lagoas.

Em experimento envolvendo rotacao de culturas e adubacao verde na cultura do milho, em um latossolo Vermelho-Escuro distrofico, observou-se um periodo de estiagem prolongada durante a fase de florescimento de milho, sintomas acentuados de murcha em areas de cultivo continuo com milho. Em areas onde se efetuava a rotacao de cultura soja-milho, mucuna-milho, milho + mucuna intercalar-milho, este sintoma nao se repetia. Procurando-se avaliar os beneficios de rotacao de culturas sobre o monocultivo, coletou-se amostras de solo de uma area com 0,20 m2, tendo-se como ponto central a linha de milho. O volume amostrado foi obtido atraves das seguintes profundidades: 0-2 cm, 2-4 cm, 4-6 cm, 6-10 cm, 10-14 cm, 14-18 cm, 18-26 cm, 26-34 cm e 34-42 cm. Apos a coleta do solo + raizes, estas foram separadas e quantificadas (peso) e o solo analisado quimicamente. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a rotacao soja-milho e mucuna-milho, promoveram maior aumento de peso de plantas de milho e maior quantidade de raizes abaixo de 30 cm de profundidade em relacao ao milho continuo e milho com mucuna intercalar. A rotacao soja-milho promoveu uma melhor distribuicao de bases nas camadas mais profundas do solo, aumentando a saturacao de calcio. Houve, nas areas com rotacao mucuna-milho, maiores teores de potassio, calcio e magnesio, em relacao aos demais manejos (soja-milho, milho continuo e milho apos milho + mucuna intercalar)

Tuning the Reactivity of TEMPO during Electrocatalytic Alcohol Oxidations in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids

2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) is a promising, sustainable, metal-free mediator for oxidation of alcohols. In this contribution, we describe how the selectivity of TEMPO for electrocatalytic alcohol oxidations in room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) can be changed by design of the solvent medium. Cyclic voltammetry of TEMPO in a series of ammonium-, phosphonium-, and imidazolium-based RTILs reveals that the potential at which TEMPO is oxidized increases from 677 mV (vs. the potential of the decamethylferrocene/ decamethylferrocinium, dmFc/dmFc+, redox couple) to 788 mV as the H-bond basicity of the RTIL anions decreases. The increase in potential is accompanied by an increase in the rate constant for oxidation of benzyl alcohol from about 0.1 dm3 mol−1 s−1 to about 0.7 dm3 mol−1 s−1, demonstrating the ability to manipulate the reactivity of TEMPO by judicious choice of the RTIL anions. The rate of alcohol oxidation in a series of RTILs increases in the order 2-butanol < 1phenylethanol < octanol < benzyl alcohol, and the RTIL 1-octyl-3-methylmidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([NTf2]–) shows clear selectivity towards the oxidation of primary alcohols. In addition, the reaction kinetics and selectivity are better in [NTf2]–-based RTILs than in acetonitrile, often the solvent-of-choice in indirect alcohol electrooxidations. Finally, we demonstrate that electrolytic TEMPO-mediated alcohol oxidations can be performed using RTILs in a flow-electrolysis system, with excellent yields and reaction selectivity, demonstrating the opportunities offered by such systems