Global Public Goods

Recognition of the interdependencies characterizing the Earth (a global common) and the globalization phenomenon necessitate collective actions at the global level to solve multilateral issues in trade, finance, environment, spread of infectious diseases and security. There is also growing awareness that the existing institutional arrangements to solve multilateral issues exhibit signs of adaptive (dynamic) inefficiency, with institutional changes lagging behind rapidly evolving realities as manifested in growing tensions in reaching cooperative solutions. An International Task Force on Global Public Goods was constituted in 2003 to identify relevant international public goods froma perspective of reducing poverty and to study the provision and financing issues. See International Task Force on Global Public Goods (2006). This Task Force has identified the following priority global public goods (GPGs) : (a) preventing the emergence and spread of infectious disease, (b) tackling climate change, (c) enhancing international financial stability, (d) strengthening the international trading system, (e) achieving peace and security, and (f) generating knowledge. We need a framework for defining, identifying, providing and financing GPGs. Section 2 reviews alternative approaches to defining GPGs. Section 3 classifies GPGs into two categories : pure global public goods and global public goods by global public choice. Section 4 considers delivery systems for GPGs. It assesses the existing institutional frameworks for the supply of pureGPGs through the lens of GPGframework developed by Kaul et al (2003). Then it considers the division of labour among stakeholders at global, national and state levels using the Subsidiarity Principle. Finally, it suggests some changes in the delivery systemfor an efficient provision of GPGs. Section 5 explores the financing options. Section 6 contains concluding remarks.global public goods, globalization, International Task Force, GPG, pure global public goods, global public goods

A Novel Fractal Antenna in Planar Configuration for Wireless Devices

In today’s wireless communication, there has been an increasing need for more compact, portable and wideband radiators. There is a need to evolve antenna designs to minimum size which can be used in many practical applications in modern 2G, 3G, LTW, WiFi and WiMax wireless communications systems. Fractal antenna is one such antenna which is irregular in shape and it is mainly used for wireless applications. Thus, the objective is to design a novel fractal geometry which exhibits self similarity property and can be confined to space. The new proposed fractal antenna is designed in such a way that it can be operating at a frequency of 2.4GHz. This structure is built up through replication of a base shape, improving antenna performance. The purpose of this project is to explore fractal elements antennas through simulation and design experimentation. In the proposed approach, simulators are carried out using FEKO simulator 6.1 and the results are compared with the existing structures of monopole and Koch fractal. The design is implemented in planar structure also to improve its characteristics when compared to the wire monopole

Mathematical Analysis of Carreau Fluid model for Blood Flow in Tapered Constricted Arteries

The pulsatile flow of blood through a tapered constricted narrow artery is investigated in this study, treating the blood as Carreau fluid model. The constriction in the artery is due to the formation of asymmetric stenosis in the lumen of the artery. The expressions obtained by Sankar (2016) for the various flow quantities are used to analyze the flow with different arterial geometry. The influence of various flow parameters on the velocity distribution, wall shear stress and longitudinal impedance to flow is discussed. The velocity of blood increases with the increase of the power law index and stenosis shape parameter and it decreases considerably with the increase of the maximum depth of the stenosis. The wall shear stress and longitudinal impedance to flow decrease with the increase stenosis shape parameter, amplitude of the pulsatile pressure gradient, flow rate, power law index and Weissenberg number. The estimates of the percentage of increase in the wall shear stress and longitudinal impedance to flow increase with the increase of the angle tapering and these increase significantly with the increase of the maximum depth of the stenosis. The mean velocity of blood decreases considerably with the increase of the artery radius (except in arteriole), maximum depth of the stenosis and angle of tapering and it is considerably higher in pulsatile flow of blood than in the steady flow of blood

Real-space Manifestations of Bottlenecks in Turbulence Spectra

An energy-spectrum bottleneck, a bump in the turbulence spectrum between the inertial and dissipation ranges, is shown to occur in the non-turbulent, one-dimensional, hyperviscous Burgers equation and found to be the Fourier-space signature of oscillations in the real-space velocity, which are explained by boundary-layer-expansion techniques. Pseudospectral simulations are used to show that such oscillations occur in velocity correlation functions in one- and three-dimensional hyperviscous hydrodynamical equations that display genuine turbulence.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure

Entire solutions of hydrodynamical equations with exponential dissipation

We consider a modification of the three-dimensional Navier--Stokes equations and other hydrodynamical evolution equations with space-periodic initial conditions in which the usual Laplacian of the dissipation operator is replaced by an operator whose Fourier symbol grows exponentially as \ue ^{|k|/\kd} at high wavenumbers $|k|$. Using estimates in suitable classes of analytic functions, we show that the solutions with initially finite energy become immediately entire in the space variables and that the Fourier coefficients decay faster than \ue ^{-C(k/\kd) \ln (|k|/\kd)} for any $C<1/(2\ln 2)$. The same result holds for the one-dimensional Burgers equation with exponential dissipation but can be improved: heuristic arguments and very precise simulations, analyzed by the method of asymptotic extrapolation of van der Hoeven, indicate that the leading-order asymptotics is precisely of the above form with $C= C_\star =1/\ln2$. The same behavior with a universal constant $C_\star$ is conjectured for the Navier--Stokes equations with exponential dissipation in any space dimension. This universality prevents the strong growth of intermittency in the far dissipation range which is obtained for ordinary Navier--Stokes turbulence. Possible applications to improved spectral simulations are briefly discussed.Comment: 29 pages, 3 figures, Comm. Math. Phys., in pres

Naturally split supersymmetry

Nonobservation of superparticles till date, new Higgs mass limits from the CMS and ATLAS experiments, WMAP constraints on relic density, various other low energy data, and the naturalness consideration, all considered simultaneously imply a paradigm shift of supersymmetric model building. In this paper we perform, for the first time, a detailed numerical study of brane-world induced supersymmetry breaking for both minimal and next-to-minimal scenarios. We observe that a naturally hierarchical spectrum emerges through an interplay of bulk, brane-localized and quasi-localized fields, which can gain more relevance in the subsequent phases of the LHC run.Comment: 6 pages, 6 eps figures; v2: minor updates, to appear in JHE

Universality of scaling and multiscaling in turbulent symmetric binary fluids

We elucidate the universal scaling and multiscaling properties of the nonequilibrium steady states (NESS) in a driven symmetric binary fluid (SBF) mixture in its homogeneous miscible phase in three dimensions (3d). We show, for the first time, via Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) that structure functions of the velocity and the concentration gradient exhibit multiscaling in 3d and extended self-similarity (ESS). We also find that, in contrast to the well-known passive scalar turbulence problem, structure functions of the concentration show simple scaling. We propose a new shell model for SBF turbulence which preserve all the invariances in the ideal limit of the SBF equations and which reduces to a well-known shell model for fluid turbulence in the zero concentration field limit. We show that the shell model has the same scaling properties as the 3d SBF equations. Our combined results from our DNS of the SBF equations and shell-model studies consistently bring out the multiscaling of the velocity and concentration gradient fields and simple scaling of the concentration field.Comment: 8 pages, 10 figures, published in Phys. Rev.

Inhibition of CaMKK2 Decreases Progression of Post-traumatic Osteoarthritis in a Rabbit ACL Transection Model

Background and Hypothesis: Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) is a multifactorial degenerative disease of the joint affecting 20-50% of all joint injuries with a total annual cost of $15 billion. There are no current disease-modifying therapies for PTOA. Mechanical stress due to ligament tear or impact injury triggers the release of inflammatory mediators in the joint. Resulting collagen damage, loss of proteoglycans, and cell death triggers further release of inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species. This cycle of inflammation leads to PTOA. We hypothesize that inhibition of Ca2+/CaM dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2), a kinase associated with the inflammatory effects in PTOA, will mitigate the disease-propagating mechanisms. Methods: We utilized a rabbit model of PTOA which involved surgical transection of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) to generate joint instability. Rabbits were then treated tri-weekly with either STO609 (CaMKK2 inhibitor, 0.033 mg/kg) or saline (control) for 16 weeks. Rabbits were sacrificed at 16 weeks post-surgery. Tibiofemoral joints were harvested for staining with safranin O fast green (SO) and PTOA grading via Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) guidelines. Apoptosis was assessed with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). RNA isolation of cartilage and subchondral bone tissue was conducted for qRT-PCR. Gene expression of MMP-13, IL-6, IL-1B, ACAN, COL2A1 was quantified and normalized to GAPDH. Results: Histology and gross morphology showed increased PTOA severity in saline controls compared to STO-609 treated rabbits. There was no significant difference in chondrocyte apoptosis in STO-609 treated rabbits compared to saline controls based on TUNEL staining. Gene expression analyses are in progress. Potential Impact: This study addresses the unmet clinical need for novel disease-modifying therapeutics for PTOA. Preliminary results show that inhibition of CaMKK2 has the potential to decrease cartilage degradation after joint injuries