Study of histopathological findings of endometrial biopsy in women with abnormal uterine bleeding

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding is one of the most common problems presenting in OPD to the gynecologist regardless of the age of the women. The main aim was to study the frequency of different histopathological findings of endometrial sample in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. Methods: This study was conducted on 82 patients from December 2021 to November 2022 in the department of obstetrics and gynecology. Patients with AUB due to gestational cause like missed abortion, incomplete abortion, retained products of conception and with uterine fibroid were excluded from study. Results: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) presented mostly in the 41-50 years of age. The commonest histopathological pattern in abnormal uterine bleeding was normal physiological changes of menstrual cycles secretory phase (29%). Endometrial hyperplasia was the most common endometrial pathology observed in 11% patients. Conclusions: Endometrial evaluation in abnormal uterine bleeding helps in early detection of pre-neoplastic conditions and malignancy to provide early treatment and avoid further complications

Study of the cholinergic factors affecting the flash and pattern reversal visual evoked potentials

The effects of cholinergic agents undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and the anticholinergic agent scopolamine, were investigated on the components of the flash and pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in young healthy volunteers. The effect of recording the flash and pattern reversal VEPs for 13 hours in 5 healthy male volunteers, revealed no statistically significant change in the latency or amplitude measures. Administration of the muscarinic agonist SDZ 210-086 to 16 healthy male volunteers resulted in the reduction of the flash N2-P2 and pattern reversal N75-P100 peak-to-peak amplitudes. These effects on the flash VEP occurred at both doses (0.5 and 1.0 mg/day), but only at the higher dose on the pattern reversal VEP. Administration of the antimuscarinic agent scopolamine to 11 healthy young male volunteers, resulted in a delay of the flash P2 latency but no effect on the pattern reversal P100 latency. The pattern reversal N75-P100 peak-to-peak amplitude was also increased post dosing. The combination of scopolamine with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor SDZ ENA 713 resulted in no significant effect on the flash and pattern reversal VEPs, suggesting that the effects of scopolamine may have been partially reversed. Topical application of scopolamine in 6 young healthy volunteers also resulted in no statistically significant effects on the flash and pattern reversal VEPs. The selective effect of scopolamine on the flash P2 latency but not on the pattern reversal P100 latency, provided a model whereby new cholinergic agents developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease can be investigated on a physiological basis. In addition, the results of this study led to the hypothesis that the selective flash P2 delay in Alzheimer's disease was probably due to a cholinergic deficit in both the tectal pathway from the retina to the visual cortex and the magnocellular path of the geniculostriate pathway, whereas the lack of an effect on the pattern reversal P100 component was probably due to a sparing of the parvocellular geniculostriate pathway

Study and analysis of cervical pap smears in our hospital

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the major causes of mortality among women worldwide. It has taken fourth place among malignancies that affect women, the first leading is breast cancer. In developing countries including India, it is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. It is readily preventable and can be diagnosed at the pre invasive stage with adequate and repetitive cytological screening and Papanicolaou smears. Methods: This observational study was aimed to screen the patients attending gynae OPD of ESIMCH, Bihta. The main purpose was to study the incidence of premalignant and malignant lesions in population in and around ESICMCH, Bihta. A total of 100 patients attending gynaecology OPD of ESIC, Bihta were screened during a period of one year from October 2022 to September 2023. Pap smears are taken from women visiting gynaecological OPD between ages of 25 to 70 with different gynaecological complaints using Ayer’s spatula. Smears were reported according to Bethesda system 2001. Results: A total of 200 pap smears were examined. There were 68 patients with NILM, and 67 patients with inflammatory smear. ASCUS was found in 12 patients, LSIL in 10 patients, HSIL in 7 and squamous cell carcinoma in 1 patient. This study concluded that a simple pap smear test could be offered to vast populations for diagnosing premalignant conditions of the survey this has and will in future continue to aid us with the early diagnosis of survival cancer. Conclusions: PAP smear is useful in diagnosing malignant and premalignant lesions of the cervix. In developing countries such as India this screening method is cheap and can be widely used. It can be used by trainers and para medical staffs

The Effect of Uncertainties on Multi-Echelon Serial Supply Chains

Uncertainties are the major concerns in supply chain because existence of uncertainties degrades the performance of supply chain. Hence, business executives need to seriously focus towards controlling the effect of uncertainty on supply chain performance. In this study, a four echelon serial supply chain employed with reorder-point order-up-to level inventory replenishment (s, S) policy is modeled using system dynamics approach. Manufacturing systems adopting make-to-stock (MTS) and assemble-to-stock (ATS) manufacturing policy and operating under uncertain environment are modelled through system dynamics approach. A serial two-stage MTS manufacturing system is modelled through system dynamics approach and the behaviour is studied under the influence of uncertainty in demand, lead time, supplier’s acquisition rate, processing time and delay due to machine failure. Two different improved demand forecasting models are proposed to enhance the forecasting accuracy and reduce the bullwhip effect (BWE) and net-stock amplification (NSAmp). The first proposed model is the integrated approach of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model denoted as ARIMA-GARCH to overcome the problem related to heteroskedastic nature of demand series. Second proposed model is the integrated approach of discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) and intelligence technique such as artificial neural network (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), least square support vector machine (LSSVM) and multi-gene genetic programming (MGGP) to deal with non-linear, non-stationary demand series. Simulation study of multi-echelon supply chain indicates that target inventory significantly influence the BWE and it can be reduced through keeping target inventory at low level when there is low uncertainty in demand and lead time. From the analysis of manufacturing supply chain, it is observed that backlog at manufacturer’s end is significantly influenced by uncertainty in processing time and delay due to machine failure. The backup strategy adopted in manufacturing supply chain reveals that performance of manufacturing system is highly affected when uncertainty in supplier’s acquisition rate increases. The study proves that maintaining high service level at the bottom echelon is required to achieve high service level at the upper echelon of a supply chain. From the forecasting study, it is found that performance of the ARIMA-GARCH model outperforms the ARIMA model. Further, it is proved through case-study example

Impact of condom balloon tamponade on the rate of obstetric hysterectomy: a ten-year study

Background: The objective of this present study was to assess the efficacy of condom uterine balloon tamponade (C-UBT) in averting the obstetric hysterectomy (OH) in cases of major postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) over a period of 10 years.Methods: A retrospective cohort study from January 2010 to December 2019. A historical cohort was drawn from a group of women who had OH for major PPH between Jan 2010 to December 2014 (Group 1) whereas those from January 2015 to December 2019 were designated as Group 2. Total 305 C-UBT were used in the later period. Women who had OH at <28 weeks were excluded from the study. Primary outcome was to determine the efficacy of C-UBT in averting the risk of OH. Secondary objective was to determine the success rate of C-UBT after five years of useResults: Total 37463 births occurred from January 2010 to December 2014 and 38808 during January 2015 to December 2019. Cases of OH were 33 in the first five years period (Group 1) and 20 in the later (Group 2), p=<05, odds ratio=0.58 with 95% CI 0.335-1.019 favoring C-UBT.  After exclusion of rupture uterus and placenta accreta syndrome, OH for uterine atony alone were 22 (66.6%) for Group 1 and 08 (40%) for Group 2, P=0.01 odds ratio=0.350 (95% CI 0.156-0.788). No OH was done in group 2 for placenta previa. Efficacy of C-UBT was 96%.Conclusions: C-UBT is very safe, cheap and effective option for averting OH and associated physical, emotional and psychosocial morbidity

IMPACT OF STERIOD AND ANTIBIOTIC ON THE POTENTIAL TOCOLYTICS

To prevent premature labor always attempts are taken by the medication with Tocolytic. Along with Tocolytic, steroid and antibiotic are used for the proper therapy to prevent premature labor. The present study will evaluate the impact of the selected steroid (bethamethasone) and antibiotic (ampicillin) on the uterine relaxant effect of the selected Tocolytic (indomethacine).This study will be helpful for the proper medication during the preventation of premature labor along with a better medication and better result. Evaluation of impact of the selected drugs (betamethasone,ampicillin) on the efficacy of the selected Tocolytic (indomethacine)  by in vitro method using oxytocin as a uterine contractile agent on rat uterus. The rat's uterine preparation is used for the present study and the sensitivity of uterus is depends upon the oestrus cycles.Oxytocin cause the contraction of the uterine muscle by acting on the muscuarinic receptor. Tocolytic block muscarinic receptor of uterine muscle. Therefore, in this study the Tocolytic reduce oxytocin induced contraction in rat uterine. The concentration response cruve of oxytocin was shifted to the right in the presence of Tocolytic.  Afterwards the effect of the selected steroid and antibiotic in presence of the Tocolytic are evaluated on the kymograph of oxytocin.it was observed that steroid and antibiotic decrease the potency of Tocolytic. KEYWORDS – Premature Labour,Tocolytic,Steroid,Antbiotic,Oxytocin,Betamethasone, Ampicillin,Indomethaci

The eggshell morphology of Heterodoxus spiniger, infesting dog, Canis familiaris (Boopidae, Mallophaga)

The egg chorion of the dog louse Heterodoxus spiniger bears pentagonal / rectangular scutes (scale like sculpturing) arranged obliquely. The opercular disc of the egg bears tall cup shaped micropyles which unite to give ridge like appearance. The centre of the disc bears short thick rod like polar thread

PHYTOCONSTITUENTS AND THERAPEUTIC POTENTIALS OF DATURA STRAMONIUM LINN

Datura stramonium Linn is one of the widely well known folklore medicinal herb. It is a wild growing flowering plant and was investigated as a local source for tropane alkaloids which contain a methylated nitrogen atom (N-CH3) and include the anti-cholinergic drugs atropine, and scopolamine. Some sources report a probable Central American origin, due to Datura's habitation of most temperate and subtropical parts of the world. This plant has contributed various pharmacological actions in the scientific field of Indian systems of medicines. The present paper will give exclusive information on the chemical constituents and mainly psychopharmacological activities of this plant