Identifikacija Eutypa lata, parazita vinove loze

The phytopathogenic fungus Eutypa lata (Pers.: Fr.) Tul. and C. Tul., the causing agent of eutypa dieback, has been increasingly often identified in recent times as a cause of grapevine disease. It was first discovered and identified in Australian vineyards (Carter, 1973), where it represented one of the most dangerous fungus pathogens of this plant. A few years later it was discovered in European vineyards as well. This polyfagous fungus, known originally as E. armeniaca (Honsf. & Carter), was first discovered on apricot, on which it caused the "gummosis disease". In Serbia, Eutypa lata has not been determined officially. However, bearing in mind the form of its spreading (anemochory), as well as the fact that our country is a major producer of grape and fruit, we need to pay special attention to this dangerous pathogen since there are indications that it is already present in our vineyards. During the period between 2003 and 2005, an inspection of a great number of vineyards in the areas of Vršac, Fruška Gora and Kruševac, was conducted. Many of them had grapevines with typical eutypa dieback symptoms. The aim of the inspection was to find grapevines with this disease, to mark them and take samples for laboratory analysis. Marking suspicious grapevines enabled us to monitor the volume of symptoms, as well as other changes on grapevines. Different colors were used for markings, according to the principle "same color - same year" The procedure revealed that the average period between early and mild disease symptoms and extreme changes, including withering of entire vines, was 2 to 3 years. The signs of eutypa dieback on diseased grapevines are manifested: on leaves in the form of chlorosis, twisting, necrosis of the edges, drying out and falling off; on shoots, where the shortening of internodia is noticeable, as well as color change and "zig-zag" distribution of internodes; on blossoms and clusters, where absence of flowering, partial bareness and irregular berry size are observed; and on trunks, where necrosis appears on the cross section in a typical "V" form. These studies also established that there is not a single grapevine plant with symptoms indicating eutypa dieback or a similar disease that is older than 8-10 years. The research results, based on examination and monitoring of disease development in the studied vineyards in previous years, indicate that the fungus Eutypa lata, the inducer of grapevine eutyposis, is most probably present in Serbia, and that our viticulture is facing yet another serious threat. In most European and other viticultural centers, highly specialized research teams are being organized to deal with the phenomenon of eutypa dieback, and its inducer Eutypa lata, which is more and more frequently classified as a top priority disease of wooden tissue, especially considering that the economic losses are very significant and occur in all vineyards, regardless of their location. Therefore, in order to prevent infection and fight the disease successfully, we need to take immediate measures of integral protection of grapevine without any delay.Među prouzrokovače bolesti vinove loze u novije vreme sve češće se ubraja i fitopatogena gljiva Eutypa lata (Pers.: Fr.) Tul. i C. Tul., uzročnik eutipoze. Prvi put je otkrivena i identifikovana u australijskom vinogorju (Carter, 1973), gde predstavlja jednu od najopasnijih mikoza ove biljke. Nekoliko godina kasnije otkrivena je i u vinogorjima Evrope. Ranije je ova polifagna gljiva, pošto je prvi put nađena na kajsiji, bila poznata pod imenom E. armeniaca (Honsf. & Carter), na kojoj prouzrokuje "gumoznu bolest". U Srbiji Eutypa lata još nije zvanično konstatovana. Međutim, imajući u vidu način njenog širenja (anemohorija), kao i činjenicu da je naša zemlja značajan proizvođač grožđa i voća, potrebno je obratiti naročitu pažnju na ovog opasnog patogena, jer ima indicija da je prisutan i u našim vinogorjima. U periodu 2003-2005. godine obavljen je pregled većeg broja vinograda u vršačkom, fruškogorskom i kruševačkom vinogorju. U mnogima od njih nađeni su čokoti sa tipičnim simptomima eutipoze. Cilj ovih ispitivanja bio je pronalaženje ovako obolelih čokota, njihovo obeležavanje, kao i uzimanje uzoraka za dalje laboratorijske analize. Obeležavanje sumnjivih čokota omogućilo nam je da pratimo jačinu izraženosti simptoma, kao i sve ostale promene tih čokota. Za obeležavanje su korišćene različite boje, a primenjen je princip: jedna boja - jedna godina. Ovim postupkom je ustanovljeno da od pojave početnih, blažih simptoma oboljenja, pa do pojave izuzetno izraženih promena, uključujući i izumiranje celih čokota, treba da prođe 2 do 3 godine. Znaci eutipoze na napadnutim čokotima manifestuju se na lišću u vidu hloroze, kovrdžanja, nekroze oboda, sušenja i opadanja listova, na lastarima se uočava skraćivanje internodija, promena boje, "cik-cak" raspored internodusa, na cvastima i grozdovima primetno je izostajanje cvetanja, rehuljavost i neujednačenost veličine bobica, dok se na drvetu javlja nekroza na poprečnom preseku u obliku slova V, tipičnom za ovu bolest. U ovim ispitivanjima je takođe utvrđeno da nema zasada vinove loze starijeg 8-10 godina a da se ne nađu čokoti sa ovakvim simptomima koji upućuju na eutipozu ili slično oboljenje. Rezultati istraživanja dobijeni na osnovu obavljenih pregleda i praćenja razvoja simptoma oboljenja proteklih godina u proučavanim vinogorjima, upućuju na zaključak da je gljiva Eutypa lata, prouzrokovač eutipoze vinove loze, najverovatnije prisutna u Srbiji, i da je naše vinogradarstvo suočeno sa još jednom ozbiljnom opasnošću. U većini evropskih i ostalih vinogradarskih centara organizovani su timovi visokospecijalizovanih stručnjaka koji se bave istraživanjem fenomena eutipoze i njenog prouzrokovača - Eutypa lata, jer se ona sve češće ubraja u najznačajnije bolesti drvenastog tkiva, posebno kada se uzme u obzir da su ekonomski gubici veoma značajni i da se javljaju u svim vinogradima bez obzira na njihovu lokaciju. Zbog toga, a u cilju sprečavanja zaraze, kao i uspešne borbe protiv ove bolesti, neophodno je, bez odlaganja, primeniti mere integralne zaštite vinove loze

EVROPSKI ODGOVORI NA IZAZOVE TERORIZMA

Pitanja u vezi sa borbom protiv terorizma dobila su sasvim novu dimenziju posle napada 11.septembra 2001. godine. Karakteristike ovih napada uslovile su odgovor kojise danas preispituje kao „akcija odmazde“ i nametnule pitanje o new bellum iustum, moralnosti terorizma kao i razlozima „samoubilačkog terorizma“ kao najdrastičnijeg oblika nasilja. U ovom radu autori navode načine međunarodne saradnje u borbi protiv terorizma, pojašnjavaju faktore uticaja, i daju realističnu procenu mogućnosti za eliminaciju pretnji. Posebna pažnja je usmerena na načine borbe protiv terorizma koje je usvojila Evropska unija, s obzirom da će Srbija na putu evropskih integracija imati zadatak da sopstveno zakonodavstvo usaglasi saevropskim

Appearance of Eutypa lata (Pers.: Fr.) Tul., A causative agent of bacterial cancer and dying out of vine plant ("Eutypiosis") of wine grape in serbia and the possibilities of its suppression

Tijekom posljednjih pet godina (2003.-2007.) u pojedinim vinogradima na području Kruševca, Varvarina, Ražnja, Negotina, Vršca i okoline Novog Sada uočeni su pojedinačni čokoti, pa i do 20% njih, s izraženim specifičnim simptomima izumiranja i propadanja. Simptomi su posebno bili izraženi na sortama Talijanski rizling, Rajnski rizling i Sauvignon bijeli. Na oboljelim čokotima „karakteristični“ simptomi su se pokazali u vidu kloroze i peharastog uvijanja lišća, koje je obično postajalo sitnije od zdravog, te pojavom mladica s bitno skraćenim internodijama, dok se na poprečnom presjeku često uočavala nekrotična zona drvenastog dijela tkiva u obliku slova “V“. Na osnovi proučavanja patogenih, morfoloških i uzgajivačkih odlika izoliranog patogena, kao i primjenom molekularnih metoda, utvrđeno je da je uzročnik uočenih simtoma bolesti fitopatogena gljiva Eutypa lata. U radu je opisan značaj navedene vrste, simptomi koje ona uzrokuje i domaćini koje napada, kao i ciklus razvoja, s posebnim naglaskom na mjere za njeno suzbijanje.During the last five years (2003-2007) in certain vineyards in the area of Kruševac, Varvarin, Ražanj, Negotin, Vršac and the surroundings of Novi Sad, there were noticed individual vine plants with specific symptoms of dying out and rotting, even up to 20% of them. The symptoms were especially expressed on the sorts Italian Riesling, Rhine Riesling, and Sauvignon Blanc. “Characteristic” symptoms on the diseased vine plants were expressed in the form of chlorosis and curling of the leaves in the form of a goblet, which usually became smaller than the healthy ones, then the appearance of lastar with significantly shortened internodes, whereas on the cross- section there was often noticed a necrotic zone of the woody part of the tissue in the shape of the letter “V”. Based on the research of pathogen, morphological and cultivating characteristics of the isolated pathogen, as well as by applying molecular methods, it has been found out that the causative agent of the noticed symptoms of disease is a phytopathogenic fungus Eutipa lata. The paper describes the significance of the mentioned species, symptoms which it causes and hosts which it attacks, as well as the cycle of development, with special emphasis on its suppression

Harmonizacija zakonodavstva Srbije sa pravom EU na polju konkurencije – antimonopolska politika

Jedan od glavnih ciljeva Srbije je pristupanje članstvu Evropske unije, a uslov za to je potpuna harmonizacija zakonodavstva sa aquis communitaire. U ovom radu autori istražuju pitanja usaglašavanja domaćeg zakonodavstva sa propisima Evropske unije u periodu 2001–2010. godine i to na polju konkurencije. Autori će pokušati i da objasne u kom smeru se kretao razvoj pravnog okvira od Rimskog sporazuma do danas. Pošto je do devedesetih godina celokupna privreda Srbije bila pod državnim, tj. društvenim monopolom, glavna smetnja usaglašavanja prava je i to što je položaj tržišta značajno promenjen. Zbog obimnosti teme fokus istraživanja biće usmeren na antimonopolsku politiku u okviru prava konkurencije. Autori će dati osvrt na novodoneti Zakon o zaštiti konkurencije iz 2009. godine. U procesu usaglašavanja domaćeg zakonodavstva sa propisima Evropske unije u periodu 2001–2010. godine, u Srbiji su formirana gotovo sva nezavisna regulatorna tela, uključujući i Komisiju za zaštitu konkurencije koja je formirana zakonom iz 2005. godine. Pre formiranja Komisije pitanjem zaštite konkurencije, u skladu sa Antimonopolskim zakonom koji je bio na snazi od 1996. do 2005. godine, bavilo se samo Odeljenje za antimonopolske poslove pri Ministarstvu trgovine, turizma i usluga, bez vidljivih rezultata na tom polju

Uticaj kalcifikacije na promene agrohemijskih osobina pseudogleja i prinos lucerke

The paper examines the effects of lime application at the rate of 3 t/ha on pseudogley soil agrochemical changes and alfalfa yield during a two-year period. The applied lime in combination with mineral fertilizers significantly decreased acidity in H20 (by 0.6 pH units) and in nKCl (by 0.81 pH units). At the same time, there was increase in phosphorus availability (from 6.2 mg/100g of soil, control, to 19.1 mg/100 g of soil, variant with lime) and soil base saturation percentage in the 0-30 cm arable horizon. The performed liming intensified organic matter mineralization, which caused decrease of humus content as well as of mobile Al and Fe content compared to control. Moderate liming improved pseudogley agrochemical properties, which was manifested by increased alfalfa yield. In the first study year 19.7 t/ha of forage and 5.7 t/ of hay, respectively, was produced in control variant, while 28.5 t/ha of forage and 8.2 t/ha of hay, respectively, was produced in a variant with liming. Even higher yield was achieved in the second year of alfalfa utilization (8.5 t/ha of forage and 2.2 t/ha of hay, respectively, was produced in control, and 71 t/ha of forage and 16.3 t/ha of hay, respectively, in a variant with liming). .Loše agrofizičke, a naročito agrohemijske osobine pseudoglejnih zemljišta okoline Kraljeva su ograničavajući faktor za gajenje lucerke. Cilj ovih istraživanja je bio da se melirativnom đubrenjem zemljišta-primenom kalcifikacije poprave agrohemijska svojstva pseudogleja i povisi prinos zelene krme i sena lucerke. Rezultati ovih istraživanja pokazuju da se umerenom kalcifikacijom od 3 t/ha kreča može značajno smanjiti kiselost za 0,6 pH jedinica u r^O, i za 0,81 pH jedinicu u nKCl. Smanjenjem kiselosti povećana je pristupačnost fosfora (sa 6,2 mg/100g zemljišta, kontrola, na 19,1 mg/100g zemljišta varijanta sa primenom kreča) i povećan stepen zasićenosti zemljišta bazama u oraničnom horizontu od 0-30cm. Izvedena kalcifikacija pojačala je mineralizaciju organske materije što je uticalo na smanjenje sadržaja humusa, a takođe smanjenje i sadržaja mobilnog Al i Fe u odnosu na kontrolu varijantu. Popravljena agrohemijska svojstva pseudogleja doprinela su povećanju prinosa krme i sena lucerke. U prvoj godini na kontrolnoj varijanti ostvaren je prinos krme od 19,7 t/ha, odnosno 5,7 t/ha sena, dok na varijanti sa primenom kreča 28,5 t/ha krme, odnosno 8,2 t/ha sena. To povećanje prinosa još je vise bilo izraženo u drugoj godini iskorišćavanja lucerke (kontrola 8,5 t/ha krme, odnosno 2,2 t/ha sena, a varijanta sa krečom 71,4 t/ha krme, odnosno 16,3 t/ha sena)

Harmonizacija zakonodavstva Srbije sa pravom EU na polju konkurencije – antimonopolska politika

Jedan od glavnih ciljeva Srbije je pristupanje članstvu Evropske unije, a uslov za to je potpuna harmonizacija zakonodavstva sa aquis communitaire. U ovom radu autori istražuju pitanja usaglašavanja domaćeg zakonodavstva sa propisima Evropske unije u periodu 2001–2010. godine i to na polju konkurencije. Autori će pokušati i da objasne u kom smeru se kretao razvoj pravnog okvira od Rimskog sporazuma do danas. Pošto je do devedesetih godina celokupna privreda Srbije bila pod državnim, tj. društvenim monopolom, glavna smetnja usaglašavanja prava je i to što je položaj tržišta značajno promenjen. Zbog obimnosti teme fokus istraživanja biće usmeren na antimonopolsku politiku u okviru prava konkurencije. Autori će dati osvrt na novodoneti Zakon o zaštiti konkurencije iz 2009. godine. U procesu usaglašavanja domaćeg zakonodavstva sa propisima Evropske unije u periodu 2001–2010. godine, u Srbiji su formirana gotovo sva nezavisna regulatorna tela, uključujući i Komisiju za zaštitu konkurencije koja je formirana zakonom iz 2005. godine. Pre formiranja Komisije pitanjem zaštite konkurencije, u skladu sa Antimonopolskim zakonom koji je bio na snazi od 1996. do 2005. godine, bavilo se samo Odeljenje za antimonopolske poslove pri Ministarstvu trgovine, turizma i usluga, bez vidljivih rezultata na tom polju

Cytological and molecular identification of haemogregarina stepanowi in blood samples of the European pond turtle (emys orbicularis) from quarantine at Belgrade zoo

Blood smears stained with Diff Quick are the initial tool for cytological diagnosis of Haemogregarina spp. However, the development of sensitive and specific molecular methods enabled the detection and identification of parasites in the sample and to clarify the evolutionary relationships of adeleorinid parasites within the Apicomplexa. The current study was attempted in order to perform cytological investigation and molecular identification of the hemoparasites in thirty European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) from the quarantine section at Belgrade Zoo, which have been found in poor health condition with massive skin hemorrhages, based on intraerythrocytic parasitic forms on hematological smears and 18S rDNA sequence, respectively. Different life cycle stages of the Haemogregarina sp. were noticed within the erythrocytes in the peripheral blood. Biochemical analysis indicated lower values of AST and iron in most of the infected turtles while hematological analysis showed a changed hematocrit value, a decrease in the number of red blood cells and low hemoglobin levels. Amplifications of the 18S rDNA sequence of Haemogregarina were detected in 30/30 (100%) turtles with clinical symptoms. The identity of PCR products was confirmed by direct DNA sequencing. Future research concerning H. stepanowi in Serbia should be applied to its definitive host-the leech

Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) fruit extract modulates immune response in vivo and in vitro

Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) is known for its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. Since the effects of chokeberry extract on the immune response have been only sporadically assessed, our aim was to investigate chokeberry fruit water extract on the immune response in vivo and in vitro. When administered orally to healthy mice, the extract exerted immunomodulatory effects in the gut evidenced by the altered proportion of macrophages, dendritic cells and T cells. Importantly, oral consumption of the chokeberry extract resulted in blood glucose level increase in C57BL/6 mice with chemically-induced diabetes. These in vivo results were corroborated by observed up-regulation of nitric oxide and interelukin-1β production in macrophages and dendritic cells, up-regulated phagocytic activity of macrophages, increased T and B lymphocytes proportions and differentiation of interferon-γ-producing T cells in vitro. The obtained results imply that our chokeberry extract stimulates pro-inflammatory properties in immune cells of innate and adaptive immunity

The first nationwide multicenter study ofAcinetobacter baumanniirecovered in Serbia: emergence of OXA-72, OXA-23 and NDM-1-producing isolates

Background The worldwide emergence and clonal spread of carbapenem-resistantAcinetobacter baumannii(CRAB) is of great concern. The aim of this nationwide study was to investigate the prevalence of CRAB isolates in Serbia and to characterize underlying resistance mechanisms and their genetic relatedness. Methods Non-redundant clinical samples obtained from hospitalized patients throughout Serbia were included in the prospective, observational, multicenter study conducted from January to June 2018. Samples were initially screened for the presence ofAcinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus(Acb) complex using conventional bacteriological techniques. Acb complexes recovered from clinical samples obtained from inpatients with confirmed bacterial infections were further evaluated for the presence ofA. baumannii. Identification to the species level was done by the detection of thebla(OXA-51)gene andrpoBgene sequence analysis. Susceptibility testing was done by disk diffusion and broth microdilution method. CRAB isolates were tested for the presence of acquired carbapenemases(bla(OXA-24-like),bla(OXA-23-like,)bla(OXA-58-like),bla(OXA-143-like),bla(IMP),bla(VIM),bla(GIM),bla(SPM),bla(SIM),bla(NDM)) by PCR. Clonal relatedness was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results Acb complex was isolated in 280 out of 2401 clinical samples (11.6%). Overall,A. baumanniiwas identified in 237 out of 280 Acb complex (84.6%). CRAB prevalence was found to be 93.7% (237/222). The MIC50/MIC(90)for imipenem and meropenem were 8/ gt 32 mu g/mL and 16/ gt 32 mu g/mL, respectively. Although susceptibility was high for colistin (95.7%;n = 227) and tigecycline (75.1%;n = 178), ten isolates (4.3%) were classified as pandrug-resistant. The following carbapenemases-encoding genes were found: 98 (44.2%)bla(OXA-24-like), 76 (34.5%)bla(OXA-23-like), and 7 (3.2%)bla(NDM-1). PFGE analysis revealed six different clusters. MLST analysis identified three STs: ST2 (n = 13), ST492 (n = 14), and ST636 (n = 10). Obtained results evaluated that circulating CRAB clones in Serbia were as follows:bla(OXA66)/bla(OXA23)/ST2 (32.4%),bla(OXA66)/bla(OXA23)/bla(OXA72)/ST2 (2.7%),bla(OXA66)/bla(OXA72)/ST492 (37.8%), andbla(OXA66)/bla(OXA72)/ST636 (27.1%). Conclusion This study revealed extremely high proportions of carbapenem resistance amongA. baumanniiclinical isolates due to the emergence ofbla(OXA-72),bla(OXA-23), andbla(NDM-1)genes among CRAB isolates in Serbia and their clonal propagation

How Can Tufa Deposits Contribute to the Geotourism Offer? The Outcomes from the First UNESCO Global Geopark in Serbia

The study focuses on the present state and the assessments of geotourism development of the two most representative tufa deposits in the Djerdap National Park—the first UNESCO Global Geopark in Serbia. The findings were designated through implementing the freshly upgraded methodology—M-GAM-1-2 based on an early modified geosites assessment model (M-GAM). To overcome the limitations of the previous model, the authors implemented additional enhancements and involved members of the local community (residents and authorities) in the study to comprehensively evaluate the observed sites. The outcomes revealed that the attitudes of all stakeholders should be taken into consideration in order to develop geotourism properly, additionally attract visitors, and preserve tufa deposits for future generations of locals and visitors. Moreover, geotourism at the observed sites can be one of the vital activities of the population, as well as a type of compensation for various limitations in the development, which are imposed by the regimes of natural and cultural heritage protection within the recently established UNESCO Global Geopark