मछुवारों पर जलवायु परिवर्तन का प्रभाव

कृपया पूरा लेखा पढ

Socio-Economic Impact of Tsunami on Fisheries and Coastal Communities in Kerala

The Indian Ocean tsunami of 26th December2004 was a series of giant sea waves unleashed by the massive earthquake beneath the sea with its epicentre located about 250 km South East of Sumatra, Indonesia. The huge waves of tsunami lashed across thirteen countries of the world, one among the worst hit being India. Tsunami caused considerable destruction and causalities in the coastal regions of the states including Tamil Nadu, Pondichery, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. In Kerala, 187 villages were affected, registering a death toll of 180 persons and huge damage to assets and livelihood. This study was conducted at different landing centres in the tsunami affected regions of Kerala. The impact of tsunami on the fisheries was catastrophic as in the case of other affected segments, impinging on the livelihood of already poverty stricken fisher households. Non-mechanized and motorized segments were the worst affected among different sectors of marine fisheries. Maximum reduction in landings was experienced by plank-built boats with gillnet (motorized) and country crafts with gillnets (non-mechanized)

{Cn, C4}-Decomposition of the line graph of the complete graph

For given positive integer n ≥ 4, let Cn, Kn and L(Kn) respectively denote a cycle with n edges, a complete graph on n vertices and the line graph of the complete graph Kn. For a given graph G, if H1, H2, ..., Hl are the edge disjoint subgraphs such that E(G) = E(H1) ∪ E(H2) ∪ ... ∪ E(Hl), then we say that H1, H2, ..., Hl decompose G. If G has a decomposition into copies of H1 and H2 using atleast one of each, then we say that G has a {H1, H2}-decomposition (or) G is {H1, H2}-decomposable. In this paper, it is proved that L(Kn) is {Cn, C4}-decomposable

Analytical Method Development for Selected Cardiovascular Drugs and Its Application for Impurity Profiling, Degradation and In Vitro Drug-Drug Interaction studies

In the current research work UV Spectroscopy and chromatographic methods were developed for the four drugs namely apixaban, rivaroxaban, ibutilide fumarate and dofetilide. These methods provide the availability of the simple way of analysis with strategic and segmented working procedure adopted. Each of the analytical method is economical, time saving, and easily adaptive. The UV Spectroscopic method for apixaban, ibutilide fumarate and dofetilide is advantageous as there is minimum steps involved the sample preparation, time of analysis and procedure. The HPTLC method developed and validated for the four drugs offers a very selective, sensitive and speedy analysis of the samples. Sensitivity of the method is proven with the results obtained in the nanogram level for the drugs. Among all the three methods, the HPTLC method is highly sensitive . The HPLC method was found to be highly selective that they effectively quantified the selected drugs without any interference of matrix(excipients), impurity or degradants. The isocratic mode of operation is efficient and advantageous with only aqueous &organic solvents used in the mobile phase without any buffer system. There is no reported pharmacokinetics data available till date for ibutilide fumarate. The interaction studies developed and validated is a model for the metabolic pathway of ibutilide fumarate as the rat liver microsomes consists of cytochrome 450 enzymes. The steady state concentration level of ibutilide fumarate when present with verapamil till four hours depicts the interference of verapamil in the metabolic pathway of ibutilide .The results implify a concern on the co-administration of ibutilide fumarate and verapamil. Hence the co administration of ibutilide fumarate and verapamil has to be given serious consideration. The analytical methods developed and validated can be applied for the routine analysis of the drug substance in the bulk and dosage forms. The applications of the methods adopted signifies the stability of the drugs under the degradation conditions. The interaction studies is a basic framework for the valuable results on co-administration of ibutilide fumarate with verapamil during multiple drug therapy. The impurity profiling is a valuable tool for the identification of impurity in drug substance for rivaroxaban and in drug product for dofetilide respectively. IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Analytical methods are the versatile tool for the identification, quantification and structural elucidation of the drug molecules. The spectroscopic and chromatographic methods of analysis developed and validated in this work are simple, time efficient and reliable to quantify the selected drugs. The impurity profiling of rivaroxaban and dofetilide is the sensitive technique to identify the impurity which will affect the potency of the drug. The degradation studies of ibutilide fumarate and dofetilide are useful for proving the stability of these two drugs under various stress conditions. The in vitro drug-drug interaction studies is an insight on how the Ibutilide drug responds to the enzymes present in the liver when co-administered with verapamil. The method developed and validated for the in vitro drug-drug interaction studies of Ibutilide fumarate with verapamil will be useful in the clinical studies of these drugs. The analytical methods developed and validated for the selected drugs can be adopted for the routine quality control of these drugs in bulk and formulations

Software Defined Based Pure VPN Protocol for Preventing IP Spoofing Attacks in IOT

The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of devices, vehicles, and home appliances that contain electronics, software, actuators, and connectivity which allows these things to connect, interact and exchange data. IoT involves extending Internet connectivity beyond standard devices, such as desktops, laptops, smart phones and tablets, to any range of traditionally dumb or non-internet-enabled physical devices and everyday objects. Embedded with technology, these devices can communicate and interact over the Internet, and they can be remotely monitored and controlled. Traditionally, current internet packet delivery only depends on packet destination IP address and forward devices neglect the validation of packet’s IP source address. It makes attacks can leverage this flow to launch attacks with forge IP source address so as to meet their violent purpose and avoid to be tracked. In order to reduce this threat and enhance internet accountability, many solution proposed in the inter domain and intra domain aspects. Furthermore, most of them faced with some issues hard to cope, i.e., data security, data privacy. And most importantly code cover PureVPN protocol for both inter and intra domain areas. The novel network architecture of SDN possess whole network PureVPN protocol rule instead of traditional SDN switches, which brings good opportunity to solve IP spoofing problems. However, use authentication based on key exchange between the machines on your network; something like IP Security protocol will significantly cut down on the risk of spoofing. This paper proposes a SDN based PureVPN protocol architecture, which can cover both inter and intra domain areas with encrypted format effectively than SDN devices. The PureVPN protocol scheme is significant in improving the security and privacy in SDN for IoT

Effect of Gender on Environmental Awareness of Post-Graduate Students

Aims: It was aimed in the present study to explore the effect of gender on environmental awareness of the post-graduate students. When education diversity was controlled to be science and social-science the environmental awareness was expected to be influenced by the gender of individuals. Study Design: In order to test the above objective the present study used comparative analyses in respect of the gender taking the subjects from science and social-science discipline represented from different areas. Place and Duration of Study: Place of the study was the post-graduate students selected from Karnatak and Bangalore Universities of Karnataka State, duration of the study was between February 2011 to July 2012. Methodology: The students of science discipline pursuing their 3rd semester of course in Botany, Chemistry, Geography, Geology, Applied Genetics, Physics and Zoology in Karnatak and Bangalore Universities were included in the study. However, in the Bangalore University the environmental science students were added to the science discipline as the course is offered in the university. The students included for the social-science discipline were from 3rd semester courses of Economics, History, Political Science, Social Work and Sociology. On the subjects the environmental awareness test developed by Jha (1998) was administered in group and the responses were obtained by the subjects. Sample: The included total subjects for the study were 605 post-graduate students comprising from science and social-science discipline. The age range of the students was between 22 to 24 years. For the obtained data after calculating mean and SD for the groups, ‘t’ analyses was carried out to find significant difference between the groups. Results: Statistical results using the ‘t’ test revealed no significant difference between the male and the female students of both science and social-science students of Karnatak University (Dharwad Science Male mean 50.54 (SD 11.15)/Female mean 51.41 (SD 08.15), ‘t’ 0.54, p>0.05. Dharwad Social-Science Male mean 51.02 (SD 09.07)/Female mean 51.68 (SD 07.34),‘t’ 0.51, p>0.05). The study also did not find significant difference between the male and the female science students of Bangalore university. However, there was difference between the social-science students in relation to their gender, the awareness results favouring the females (Bangalore Science Male mean 49.75 (SD 11.73)/Female mean 53.97, (SD 07.37), ‘t’ 2.26, p0.05). Conclusion: It was evidenced in the present study that gender has no significant effect on environmental awareness of the post-graduate students. Out of the four comparative analyses, in three the results are in accordance with the hypothesis and in one comparative analysis it was found that the females have higher environmental awareness. This implies that gender significance study on effect of environmental awareness needs further careful verification with control of other variables

Efficient Circuit Configuration to Reduce Comparator Requirement of 8-Bit Flash Analog to Digital Convertor

Need constantly exists for converters with higher resolution, faster conversion speed and lower power dissipation. High-speed analog to digital converters (ADC’s) have been based on flash architecture, because all comparators sample the analog input voltage simultaneously, this ADC is thus inherently fast. Unfortunately, flash ADC requires 2N - 1 comparators to convert N bit digital code from an analog sample. This makes flash ADC’s unsuitable for high-resolution applications. This paper demonstrates a simple technique to reduce comparator requirement of 8-bit flash ADC that requires as few as 65 comparators for 8-bit conversion. In this approach, the analog input range is partitioned into 64 quantization cells, separated by 63 boundary points. A 6-bit binary code 000000 to 111111 is assigned to each cell. A 8-bit flash converter requires 256 comparators, while proposed technique reduces number of comparator requirements to 65 for 8-bit conversion. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150711

Employment Scenario and Labour Migration in Marine Fisheries

Employment status and opportunities in marine fisheries sector increased over the years inspite of growing mechanization and incessant replacement of labour intensive fishing technologies. Fish, being a highly perishable product, needs the services of several people for its fast movement from catching point to consuming point without deteriorating its quality. It provides employment not only to fisherfolk in fishing villages, but also to those hailing from adjoining as well as interior regions. The present study attempts to assess the manpower employed in active fishing as well as in secondary and tertiary sectors both from coastal villages and other regions. Macro level employment status has been worked out based on the well established assumption that every 5 kg of marine fish produced provides employment to one person in the harvesting and another 1.2 persons in the post harvest sector (Sathiadhas et al. 1997). The study indicates that about 12.5 lakh people are involved in active fishing in India while the postharvest sector including export and domestic marketing employs about 15 lakh and in tertiary sector there are around 2 lakh people. Among these, 71 percent of active fishers, 50 percent of secondary sector workers and 42 percent in the tertiary sector are inhabitants of coastal fishing villages. In secondary sector, around 30 percent are women workers of which 81 percent are residents of fishing villages in the coastal belt. There is ample scope of development of employment potential of secondary and tertiary sectors in view of globalization of economy. An additional export of almost 1 lakh tonnes of value added products in our marine exports could easily corner about Rs. 1500 crores of forex earnings and generate regular employment opportunity for about 35,000 fisherfolk. Technological changes in fishing coupled with the widespread use of electronic gadgets like mobile phones and GPS have promoted migration of fisherfolk in search of better catch and earnings. A case study of socio economic dimensions of migrant fisher folk who are natives of Colachel, Thoothoor, and Vallavilai regions of Kanyakumari District of Tamil Nadu was carried out for which primary data were collected by the help of pre-structured schedules. Migratory fishing is having definite implications upon the social and economic milieu of migrants as well as on the migrants’ families who are left back at their native place. Factors inducing migration among these fisherfolk include high demand for shark in the international market coupled with its earning potential, accessibility to landing points, and berthing facilities and better price realization. Constraints faced by in-country migrants include fluctuating returns resulting in insufficient income and indebtedness, frequent clashes with locals of landing center in other states, exploitation of migrant fishing units in other states, forced sales, delay in payment of sale proceeds, missing of fishing boats/fishermen and ergonomic problems due to long fishing trips without adequate facilities. Foreign migrants face problems like detention due to crossing maritime borders, withholding of passports and other documents, ill treatment from the sponsors and exploitation due to ignorance of fishermen

Behind our sip of tea : an ecofeminist study of environmental refugees in Kokilam Subbiah’s Mirage

Women, in general, have been victims of so many oppressive factors such as domestic violence, gender inequalities, and patriarchal oppression in all the contexts such as personal, social, cultural, and professional. Furthermore, they often bear the brunt of natural calamities such as tsunami, famine, drought, wildfire, and hurricane and manmade disasters like war, industrialisation, urbanisation and so on, when compared to men. Many ecofeminists and researchers have studied the homogeneity between women and nature, similarity in their traits, their subjugation by the oppressive powers, and their resultant plight, under various discriminative factors such as race, caste, class, religion, culture, and colonialism. This paper aims to explore the additional challenges faced by women refugees, in particular, climate refugees as portrayed in Kokilam Subbiah’s Mirage, through the lens of ecofeminism. Throughout the novel, Kokilam Subbiah has captured the lives of women refugees through the metaphorical representation of nature. This study also attempts to underscore the parallelism between the refugee women and nature and how they are closely intertwined with each other in their victimisation and resilience and endeavours to study the veracity and universality of Warren’s premise of “naturalizing women” and “feminizing nature” with reference to the novel Mirage

Formulation of Sodium Alginate Nanospheres Containing Amphotericin B for the Treatment of Systemic Candidiasis

Purpose: The aim of this work was to formulate sodium alginate nanospheres of amphotericin B by controlled gellification method and to evaluate the role of the nanospheres as a “passive carrier” in targeted antifungal therapy. Methods: Sodium alginate nanospheres of amphotericin B were prepared by controlled gellification method, and the particle size analysis was carried out by scanning electron microscopy. The carrier capacity of sodium alginate was evaluated in terms of drug to polymer ratio. In vitro release study was carried out on all drug loaded nanospheres by the dialysis method. Release kinetics of drug from different drug loaded nanospheres was also determined. The in vivo antifungal efficacy of nanospheres bound drug vis-à-vis the free drug was evaluated in candidiasis- induced mice models. Results: Preparation of nanospheres through controlled gellification method yielded particles with a size range of 419.6 ± 0.28 nm. Studies on drug to polymer ratio showed a linear relationship between concentration of drug and drug loading capacity. In vitro release kinetic study revealed that the release of drug from the nanospheres followed Fickian diffusion. In vivo studies showed that the nanosphere-bound drug produced a higher antifungal efficacy than the free drug. Conclusion: The formulated sodium alginate nanospheres containing amphotericin B was found to have better antifungal activity when compared to the free drug and also yielded sustained in vitro release. Keywords: Nanospheres, sodium alginate, amphotericin B, controlled gellification method, in vitro & in vivo release > Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp. 653-65