Additional file 1: of Perceptions of the general public and physicians regarding open disclosure in Korea: a qualitative study

Guidelines for the in-depth interviews and focus group discussions including full descriptions of hypothetical cases. (DOCX 20 kb

Hypothetical cases and survey factors.

<p>Hypothetical cases and survey factors.</p

Estimated effects of disclosure of patient safety incidents by logistic regression.

<p>Estimated effects of disclosure of patient safety incidents by logistic regression.</p

Participants’ socio-demographic factors.

<p>Participants’ socio-demographic factors.</p

Percentages of pupil constriction (mean+SD) in subjects with three genotypes (left) and two genotypes (right) of I394T.

<p>Main effects of genotype and illuminance level were found. The percentages of pupil constriction in subjects with the C allele of I394T were significantly greater than those in subjects with the TT genotype under high illuminance level. **:p<0.01, *:p<0.05.</p

Demographical characteristics of subjects with three genotypes of I394T.

<p>Data are expressed as means ± SD.</p

Spectral irradiance measured at eye level.

<p>Spectral irradiance measured at eye level.</p

Comparison of pupil sizes (means+SD) under six illuminance levels in subjects with three (left) and two (right) genotypes of I394T.

<p>Significant interaction between illuminance and genotype was found. Pupil size in subjects with the C allele under low illuminance light (<1 lx) was significantly larger than that in subjects with the TT genotype. On the other hand, pupil sizes in subjects with the C allele under high illuminance light conditions (1000 lx, 3000 lx and 6000 lx) were significantly smaller than those in subjects with the TT genotype. *:p<0.05, +:p<0.10.</p

An ancestral haplotype of the human <i>PERIOD2</i> gene associates with reduced sensitivity to light-induced melatonin suppression

<div><p>Humans show various responses to the environmental stimulus in individual levels as “physiological variations.” However, it has been unclear if these are caused by genetic variations. In this study, we examined the association between the physiological variation of response to light-stimulus and genetic polymorphisms. We collected physiological data from 43 subjects, including light-induced melatonin suppression, and performed haplotype analyses on the clock genes, <i>PER2</i> and <i>PER3</i>, exhibiting geographical differentiation of allele frequencies. Among the haplotypes of <i>PER3</i>, no significant difference in light sensitivity was found. However, three common haplotypes of <i>PER2</i> accounted for more than 96% of the chromosomes in subjects, and 1 of those 3 had a significantly low-sensitive response to light-stimulus (<i>P</i> < 0.05). The homozygote of the low-sensitive <i>PER2</i> haplotype showed significantly lower percentages of melatonin suppression (<i>P</i> < 0.05), and the heterozygotes of the haplotypes varied their ratios, indicating that the physiological variation for light-sensitivity is evidently related to the <i>PER2</i> polymorphism. Compared with global haplotype frequencies, the haplotype with a low-sensitive response was more frequent in Africans than in non-Africans, and came to the root in the phylogenetic tree, suggesting that the low light-sensitive haplotype is the ancestral type, whereas the other haplotypes with high sensitivity to light are the derived types. Hence, we speculate that the high light-sensitive haplotypes have spread throughout the world after the Out-of-Africa migration of modern humans.</p></div

Summary of subjects’ physiological characteristics.

<p>Summary of subjects’ physiological characteristics.</p