408 research outputs found
Multi-Disciplinary Design Optimization under Uncertainty for Thermal Protection System Applications
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/76270/1/AIAA-2006-7002-906.pd
Characteristics of Mechanical Ventilation Employed in Intensive Care Units: A Multicenter Survey of Hospitals
A 1D point-prevalence study was performed to describe the characteristics of conventional mechanical ventilation in intensive care units (ICUs). In addition, a survey was conducted to determine the characteristics of ICUs. A prospective, multicenter study was performed in ICUs at 24 university hospitals. The study population consisted of 223 patients who were receiving mechanical ventilation or had been weaned off mechanical ventilation within the past 24 hr. Common indications for the initiation of mechanical ventilation included acute respiratory failure (66%), acute exacerbation of chronic respiratory failure (15%) (including tuberculosis-destroyed lung [5%]), coma (13%), and neuromuscular disorders (6%). Mechanical ventilation was delivered via an endotracheal tube in 68% of the patients, tracheostomy in 28% and facial mask with noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in 4%. NIV was used in 2 centers. In patients who had undergone tracheostomy, the procedure had been performed 16.9±8.1 days after intubation. Intensivists treated 29% of the patients. A need for additional educational programs regarding clinical practice in the ICU was expressed by 62% of the staff and 42% of the nurses. Tuberculosis-destroyed lung is a common indication for mechanical ventilation in acute exacerbation of chronic respiratory failure, and noninvasive ventilation was used in a limited number of ICUs
New particle formation events observed at the King Sejong Station, Antarctic Peninsula - Part 2: Link with the oceanic biological activities
Abstract. Marine biota is an important source of atmospheric
aerosol particles in the remote marine atmosphere. However, the relationship between new particle formation and marine biota is poorly quantified.
Long-term observations (from 2009 to 2016) of the physical properties of
atmospheric aerosol particles measured at the Antarctic Peninsula (King
Sejong Station; 62.2∘ S, 58.8∘ W) and satellite-derived
estimates of the biological characteristics were analyzed to identify the
link between new particle formation and marine biota. New particle formation
events in the Antarctic atmosphere showed distinct seasonal variations, with the highest values occurring when the air mass originated from the ocean
domain during the productive austral summer (December, January and February).
Interestingly, new particle formation events were more frequent in the air
masses that originated from the Bellingshausen Sea than in those that
originated from the Weddell Sea. The monthly mean number concentration of
nanoparticles (2.5–10 nm in diameter) was >2-fold higher when the air
masses passed over the Bellingshausen Sea than the Weddell Sea, whereas the
biomass of phytoplankton in the Weddell Sea was more than ∼70 %
higher than that of the Bellingshausen Sea during the austral summer
period. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is of marine origin and its oxidative
products are known to be one of the major components in the formation of new
particles. Both satellite-derived estimates of the biological
characteristics (dimethylsulfoniopropionate, DMSP; precursor of DMS) and
phytoplankton taxonomic composition and in situ methanesulfonic acid (84
daily measurements during the summer period in 2013 and 2014) analysis
revealed that DMS(P)-rich phytoplankton were more dominant in the
Bellingshausen Sea than in the Weddell Sea. Furthermore, the number
concentration of nanoparticles was positively correlated with the biomass of
phytoplankton during the period when DMS(P)-rich phytoplankton predominate.
These results indicate that oceanic DMS emissions could play a key role in
the formation of new particles; moreover, the taxonomic composition of
phytoplankton could affect the formation of new particles in the Antarctic
Ocean
Impacts of whey protein on starch digestion in rumen and small intestine of steers
Four Korean native steers (511 ± 17.2 kg; 2 × 2 replicated
crossover design) fitted with duodenal cannulas were used to investigate the
influence of oral administration of soluble whey protein (WP; 82.29%
crude protein) on ruminal fermentation, gastrointestinal (GI) hormone secretion
in the blood, pancreatic α-amylase activity in the duodenum, and
disappearance rate in each segment of the GI tract. Steers were orally fed the
basal diet (control; TMR [total mixed ration] 9 kg/d) or the basal diet with
enriched WP (400 g/d) for 14 days. The apparent crude protein disappearance rate
in the rumen of the WP was higher than in control (p <
0.05). However, no difference between groups was observed in the apparent crude
protein disappearance rate in the intestine and the apparent starch
disappearance rates in the rumen, GI tract. The level of cholecystokinin,
secretin, and ghrelin in serum and pancreatic α-amylase activity in the
duodenum of the WP also did not change. The changes in the level of blood urea
nitrogen related to protein metabolism were higher in the WP than in the control
(p < 0.05). However, the levels of total protein,
lipid, carbohydrate and mineral metabolites did not change. Consequently, we
suggest that the oral administration of WP in steers assisted in ruminal
fermentation due to the population increase of microbes in the rumen but did not
improve the starch digestion rate in the small intestine because GI hormone
secretion in the blood and pancreatic α-amylase activity did not
change
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