Determinação dos teores de ácido oxálico em diferentes amostras de tomate

The term "anti-nutritional factors" has been used to define compounds or classes of compounds present in a variety of plant foods when consumed, reduce the nutritional value of food. Oxalic acid acts as a antinutrient, and its toxic effect occurs when the combine with calcium to form calcium oxalate which is insoluble in the urine leading to the formation of kidney stones, found in many plant foods, including tomatoes. The aim of this study was to determine the oxalic acid content in samples of ripe red tomatoes fresh, tomato paste and industrial tomato sauce. Determination of oxalic acid content was performed by permanganometric procedure using KMnO 4 solution (0,002N). It was observed difference in the concentration of oxalic acid in the three samples. The industrial tomato sauce showed a concentration of 0.6% oxalic acid, 1.62% tomato paste and in nature sample showed 3.3% oxalic acid. We conclude that, from a toxicological point of view, the industrial tomato would be the option with lower concentrations of oxalic acid for consumption.O termo “fatores antinutricionais” vem sendo utilizado para definir compostos ou classes de compostos presentes numa variedade de alimentos de origem vegetal, quando consumidos, reduzem o valor nutritivo dos alimentos. O ácido oxálico age como um antinutriente, e seu efeito tóxico ocorre quando ao se combinar com o cálcio forma oxalato de cálcio que é insolúvel na urina levando a formação de cálculos renais, sendo encontrado em inúmeros alimentos de origem vegetal, incluindo o tomate. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi de determinar os teores de ácido oxálico em amostras de tomates vermelhos maduros in natura, extrato de tomate e molho de tomate industrializado. A determinação do teor de ácido oxálico foi realizada pelo método de permanganometria, utilizando solução de KMnO4 (0,002N). Foi observado diferença na concentração de ácido oxálico nas três amostras estudadas. O molho de tomate industrializado apresentou concentração de 0,6% de ácido oxálico, o extrato de tomate 1,62% e a amostra in natura apresentou 3,3% de ácido oxálico. Conclui-se que, do ponto de vista toxicológico, o tomate industrializado seria a opção com menor concentração de ácido oxálico para o consumo

Presynaptic Activity of an Isolated Fraction from Rhinella schneideri Poison

Purpose: Rhinella schneideri is a toad found in many regions of the South America. The poison of the glands has cardiotoxic effect in animals and neuromuscular effects in mice and avian preparation. The purpose of this work was to identify the toxin responsible for the neuromuscular effect in avian and mice neuromuscular preparation. Methods: The methanolic extract from R. schneideri poison was fractioned by reversed phase HPLC. The purity and molecular mass were determined by LC/MS mass spectrometry. Chick biventer cervicis and mouse phrenic-nerve diaphragm were used as neuromuscular preparations to identify the toxin. Results: The purification resulted in 32 fractions, which 4 of them were active in neuromuscular preparation. The toxin of fraction 20 were chosen for better reproducibility of the whole extract activity and its molecular mass was 730.6 Da. The toxin produced facilitation of the muscle contraction followed by a complete neuromuscular blockade in chick biventer cervicis preparation in 90 min without interfering with the exogenous response to ACh and KCl. The quantal content was increased from 128 ± 13 (control) to 216 ± 44 (after 5 min and sustained until 60 min) in the presence of the toxin. Conclusion: In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the neuromuscular action of the poison of Rhinella schneideri is a multitoxin effect. More, the present work first isolated a 730.6 Da toxin that better represent the whole poison neuromuscular effect, to which is attributed a presynaptic action in avian and mouse neuromuscular preparation

Effects of Rhinella schneideri poison on neuromuscular junction

Orientador: Léa Rodrigues SimioniTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasResumo: Rhinella schneideri, conhecido previamente como Bufo paracnemis, é um sapo comum em muitas regiões do Brasil. O veneno destas espécies exerce importante efeito cardiovascular em humanos e animais, mas pouco se sabe sobre sua atividade neuromuscular. Neste trabalho, nós avaliamos a neurotoxicidade do veneno de R. schneideri em preparações neuromusculares de pintainho e camundongo. Através da compressão manual das glândulas parótidas localizadas atrás dos olhos, coletou-se a secreção e então realizada a extração com metanol. O extrato metanólico foi liofilizado e testado em preparações biológicas. Preparações biventer cervicis (BC) de pintainho e nervo frênico diafragma (NFD) de camundongo foram utilizadas para o registro miográfico através de estimulação elétrica indireta para medidas eletrofisiológicas, análise morfológica e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Frações ativas do extrato metanólico foram obtidas submetendo-se à coluna de fase reversa Luna PFP (250 x 4,6 mm). O extrato metanólico (50 ?g/ml) causou somente facilitação da neurotransmissão em preparações NFD. Ao contrário, causou bloqueio neuromuscular significativo em preparações BC que foram concentração-dependente (3, 10 and 30 ?g/ml; a 37º C) com tempo para 50% de bloqueio, média ± erro padrão: 84±10, 51±3 e 12±0,8 min com 3, 10 e 30 ?g/ml, respectivamente; n=6-8 cada, precedido por facilitação da neurotransmissão. Não houve inibição significativa das respostas contraturantes à ACh (110 ?M) ou KCl (20 mM) após bloqueio completo em qualquer concentração testada. Em preparações BC incubadas com o extrato metanólico (10 ?g/ml) a 22º C por 70 min não observou-se qualquer alteração das respostas musculares (117±3%; n=5), mas quando a temperatura do banho foi elevada a 37º C, 50% de bloqueio ocorreu após 92±3 min (n=5; p<0.05). A incubação de preparações BC curarizadas (d-Tc, 1 ?g/ml) com o extrato metanólico (10 ?g/ml) resultou em completo e irreversível bloqueio enquanto que as preparações tratadas somente com curare mostraram a reversão completa da resposta contrátil após várias lavagens. Não houve aumento significativo nos níveis de liberação de creatinoquinase (90±21 vs. 80±15 U/l, antes e após 120 min de incubação com o extrato, respectivamente, n=5) além da ausência de alterações na morfologia das fibras musculares ou na porcentagem de danos na fibra (2.4±0.9 vs. 2.3±0.5 %, antes e após 120 min de incubação com o extrato, respectivamente, n=5). O extrato metanólico (50 ?g/ml) aumentou a resposta contrátil mas não alterou o potencial de membrana em repouso (-81±1 mV e -78±1 mV para controle e preparação tratada após 60 min). Registros eletrofisiológicos mostraram que houve um aumento progressive na frequência dos potenciais de placa terminal em miniatura (PPTM) de 34±3,5 (controle) para 88±15 (após 60 min de incubação com o extrato); houve também um aumento nos valores do conteúdo quântico, de 128±13 (controle) para 272±34 e 171±11 após 5 min e 60 min, respectivamente, em preparações tratadas com o extrato metanólico. A microscopia eletrônica de transmissão mostrou que o volume ocupado pelas vesículas sinápticas foi significativamente reduzida (32±5%; p<0.05) após 5 min mas este efeito foi reversível após 60 min de incubação para as preparações tratadas com 50 ?g/ml do extrato metanólico. Não houve dano estrutural distinguível na membrana do terminal nervoso e nas mitocôndrias das preparações tratadas com o extrato, quando comparada com as preparações controle. O pré-tratamento das preparações NFD com ouabaína (1 ?g/ml), um inibidor da bomba de Na+/K+-ATPase, por 5 min antes da incubação com o extrato, preveniu o aumento do conteúdo quântico comparado com preparações controle (118±18, 117±18 e 154±33 para preparações controle-ouabaína e tratadas com ouabaína e incubadas com o extrato por 5 min e 60 min, respectivamente). A cromatografia por HPLC do extrato metanólico resultou em 24 frações, das quais 4 (frações 20, 21, 22 e 24) causaram bloqueio neuromuscular em preparações BC. A fração 20 (3 ?g/ml) foi escolhida por ser 3 vezes mais potente que as demais e causou bloqueio neuromuscular significativo (p<0.05; tempo para 50% de bloqueio: 43±4 min; n=4) precedido por facilitação em preparações BC a 37º C. A fração 20 não inibiu as respostas contraturantes à ACh (110 ?M) ou KCl (20 mM) após completo bloqueio neuromuscular em preparações BC. Em preparações NFD, a fração (15 ?g/ml) aumentou significativamente os valores do conteúdo quântico de 117±18 (controle) para 236±44 após 5 min de incubação (n=4; p<0.05). Estes resultados indicam que o extrato metanólico do veneno de R. schneideri é capaz de interferir com a neurotransmissão por ativar e/ou bloquear a liberação da acetilcolina nos sítios pré-sinápticos, provavelmente envolvendo a bomba de Na+-K+-ATPase, sem causar qualquer dano à musculaturaAbstract: Rhinella schneideri, previously known as Bufo paracnemis, is a common toad in many regions of Brazil. The venom of this species exerts important cardiovascular effects in humans and animals, but little is known of its neuromuscular activity. In this work, we examined the neurotoxicity of R. schneideri venom in chick and mouse neuromuscular preparations. Venom was collected by manual compression of the large parotid glands behind the eyes and then extracted with methanol. The extract was lyophilized prior to testing in biological preparations. Chick biventer cervicis (BC) and mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm (PND) preparations were mounted for conventional twitch-tension recording in response to indirect stimulation, for electrophysiological measurements, morphological analysis and transmission electronic microscope. Also, an active fraction of this methanolic extract obtained by reverse phase HPLC on a Luna PFP (250 x 4.6 mm) column. The methanolic extract (50 ?g/ml) caused facilitation but no neuromuscular blockade in PND preparations. In contrast, significant (p<0.05) concentration-dependent (3, 10 and 30 ?g/ml) neuromuscular blockade (time for 50% blockade, mean±S.E.M.: 84±10, 51±3 and 12±0.8 min with 3, 10 and 30 ?g/ml, respectively; n=6-8 each) preceded by facilitation was seen in BC preparations at 37oC. There was no inhibition of contractures to exogenous ACh (110 ?M) or KCl (20 mM) after complete blockade by any of the concentrations tested. Incubation of BC preparations with methanolic extract (10 ?g/ml) at 22oC for 70 min did not affect neuromuscular transmission (117±3%; n=5), but when the bath temperature was increased to 37oC, 50% blockade occurred within 92±3 min (n=5; p<0.05). Incubation of curarized (d-Tc, 1 ?g/ml) BC preparations with methanolic extract (10 ?g/ml) resulted in complete, irreversible blockade whereas preparations treated with curare alone showed complete reversion in the twitch-tension after washing. There was no significant increase in creatine kinase levels (90±21 vs. 80±15 U/l, before and after a 120 min incubation with extract, respectively; n=5) and no significant alterations in muscle fiber morphology or in the percentage of damaged fibers (2.4±0.9 vs. 2.3±0.5 % before and after a 120 min incubation with extract, respectively; n=5). The methanolic extract (50 ?g/ml) increased the twitch-tension but did not alter the membrane resting potential (-81±1 mV and -78±1 mV for control and poison-treated preparations after 60 min). Electrophysiological measurements showed that there was a progressive increase in the frequency of miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs) from 34±3.5 (control) to 88±15 (after a 60 min incubation with extract); there was also an increase in the end-plate potentials (based on the quantal content) from 128±13 (control) to 272±34 and 171±11 after 5 min and 60 min, respectively, in extract-treated preparations. TEM showed that the fractional volume occupied by synaptic vesicles was significantly reduced (32±5%; p<0.05) after a 5 min but this effect was reversible after 60 min of incubation to 50 ?g/ml of methanolic extract. There was no structural damage to the membrane of the terminal boutons and the mitochondria of extract-treated preparations were indistinguishable from those of control preparations. Pretreatment of the preparations with ouabain (1 ?g/ml), a Na+/K+-ATPase pump inhibitor, for 5 min prior to incubation with methanolic extract prevented the increase in quantal content compared to preparations without extract (118±18, 117±18 and 154±33 for ouabain-treated controls and ouabain-treated preparations incubated with venom for 5 min and 60 min, respectively). HPLC of the methanolic extract resulted in 24 fractions, of which four (fractions 20, 21, 22 and 24) produced blockade in BC preparations. Fraction 20 (3 ?g/mL) was chosen because was the most potent of the four fractions and caused significant (p<0.05) neuromuscular blockade (time for 50% blockade: 43±4 min; n=4; mean±SEM) preceded by facilitation in BC preparations at 37oC. Fraction 20 did not inhibit contractures to exogenous ACh (110 ?M) or KCl (20 mM) after complete neuromuscular blockade in BC preparations. In PND preparations, fraction 20 (15 ?g/mL) significantly increased the quantal content value from 117±18 (control) to 236±44 after 5 min (n=4; p<0.05). These results indicate that the methanolic extract of R. schneideri is capable to interfere with the neurotransmission by activing and/or blocking the pre-synaptic acetylcholine release by an activity involving the Na+-K+-ATPase pump, without damaging the muscle membraneDoutoradoFarmacologiaDoutor em Farmacologi

The influence of heparin at a low concentration agaist the myotoxicity of Bothrops jararacussu and bothropstoxin-I

Orientadores: Lea Rodrigues Simioni, Yoko Oshima FrancoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias MedicasResumo: O veneno de Bothrops jararacussu (Bjssu) e sua miotoxina bothropstoxina-I (BthTX-I), induzem neurotoxicidade e miotoxicidade. Como o tratamento com o antiveneno é pouco eficaz contra a miotoxicidade, muitos estudos têm sido realizados utilizando substâncias que neutralizem a atividade miotóxica induzida pelo veneno, entre elas, a heparina. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1) verificar o efeito da heparina sobre a miotoxicidade induzida pelo veneno e toxina, utilizando-se uma baixa concentração de heparina, porém capaz de impedir o bloqueio neuromuscular e, 2) esclarecer o papel protetor da heparina contra Bjssu. Controles foram realizados com antiveneno botrópico (AVB) comercial ou solução nutritiva de Tyrode ou salina. Para avaliar a neurotoxicidade empregou-se técnica miográfica convencional em preparações nervo frênico-diafragma de camundongos (in vitro) e nervo ciático poplíteo externo-tibial anterior de ratos (in vivo); para avaliar a miotoxicidade in vitro empregou-se a técnica histológica (microscopia óptica) e in vivo a dosagem bioquímica da creatinoquinase (CK); para avaliar o papel protetor da heparina empregou-se a protamina, um antagonista farmacológico. Os resultados obtidos in vitro mostraram que a resposta contrátil de 12 ± 2% (n=6) frente à incubação com Bjssu (40 µg/mL) por 120 min foi aumentada para 79,6 ± 5,9% (n=6) quando pré-incubado com heparina (5 UI/mL) e 68,3 ± 6,2% (n=6) quando pré-incubado com AVB (120 µL/mL); na mesma situação a BthTX-I (2,9 µM) passou de 5 ± 1,3% (n=8) para 78,8 ± 6,8% (n=8) com heparina e 62,3 ± 6,1% (n=6) com AVB. A média da quantificação do dano morfológico (leitura de três diferentes observadores) mostrou que o veneno provocou lesões de 27% e a toxina de 40%, que passaram para níveis de 5% e 9%, respectivamente, quando tratadas com heparina e 11% e 3% quando com AVB. Os pré-tratamentos não apresentaram diferença significativa em relação ao controle Tyrode. Os resultados in vivo (em ratos) mostraram que as mesmas concentrações de veneno e toxina utilizadas nos ensaios in vitro não provocaram alterações na resposta contrátil; contudo, quando injetados no músculo gastrocnêmio de camundongos, apresentaram níveis plasmáticos de CK (U/L) de: 1454 ± 185 (Bjssu, n=6) diminuindo (P<0,05) para 236 ± 40 (com heparina, n=6) e 47 ± 5 (com AVB, n=6); 1531 ± 166 (BthTX-I, n=5) diminuindo (P<0,05) para 900 ± 149 (com heparina, n=5) e 935 ±135 (com AVB, n=5). A adição de protamina (0,8 UI/mL) aos 15 minutos de incubação da mistura heparina + veneno causou o bloqueio neuromuscular característico do veneno em preparações in vitro. Conclui-se que a heparina é mais eficaz (mas pode ser totalmente bloqueada pela protamina) que o AVB quanto a sua capacidade de impedir a neurotoxicidade in vitro causada por Bjssu e BthTX-I, e que nas mesmas concentrações a heparina demonstrou nenhuma neurotoxicidade in vivo (ratos) e que ela é tão eficiente quanto o AVB na miotoxicidade in vitro, mas menos eficaz in vivo em relação ao veneno brutoAbstract: Bothrops jararacussu venom (Bjssu) and its myotoxin bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I) induce neurotoxicity and myotoxicity. Since the treatment with the antivenom is weakly efficient against the myotoxicity, many reports concentrate on studies utilizing substances that neutralize the myotixicity activity induced by the venom, including heparin. The objectives of this work were: 1) to examine the effect of heparin on the myotoxicity induced by venom and toxin, using a low heparin concentration, capable to prevent the neuromuscular blockade and, 2) to examine the protective role of heparin against Bjssu. Control experiments were performed with commercial bothropic antivenom (CBA), Tyrode solution or saline. To examine the neurotoxicity, a conventional myoghraphic technique was used in studies with mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations (in vitro) and rat popliteal external nerve/muscle anterior tibialis (in vivo). Histological technique (light microscopy) and biochemical measurement of creatine kinase (CK) were used to examine the myotoxicity in vitro e in vivo, respectively. Protamine (a pharmaceutical antagonist) was used to evaluate the protective role of heparin. The results in vitro showed that the twitch-tension of 12 ± 2% in the presence of Bjssu (40 µg/mL; n=6) after 120 min was increased to 79.6 ± 5.9% when preincubated with heparin (5 UI/ml; n=6) and 68.3 ± 6.2% when preincubated with CBA (120 µL/mL; n=6). Similarly, the BthTX-I (2.9 µM) - induced responses amounted to 5 ± 1.3% (n=8) and 78.8 ± 6.8% with heparin (n=8) and 62.3 ± 6.1% with CBA (n=6). The quantification of morphological changes showed that the venom induced a damage of 27% and the toxin of 40%, which were reduced to 5% and 9%, when treated with heparin and 11% and 3% with CBA, respectively. The pre-treatment did not cause significant differences compared to Tyrode solution. The results in vivo showed that the same concentrations of venom and toxin utilized in in vitro assays did not induce alteration in twitch-tension. However, when injected in mouse gastrocnemius muscle, plasma levels of CK (U/l) of 1454 ± 185 (in the presence of Bjssu, n=6) were decreased to 236 ± 40 (heparin, n=6) and 47 ± 5 (CBA, n=6). Similarly, a value of 1531 ± 166 in the presence of BthTX-I (n=5) was decreased to 900 ± 149 (heparin, n=5) and 935 ±135 (CBA, n=5). The addition of protamine (0.8 UI/ml) at 15 min incubation of the mixture heparin+venom, induced a neuromuscular blockade similar to the venom in in vitro preparations. We conclude that heparin is more efficient (although totally antagonized by protamine) than CBA with respect to the in vitro neurotoxicity induced by Bjssu and BthTX-I, which did not cause myotoxicity in vivo (rats). Heparin is as efficient as CBA in myotoxicity in vitro, but less efficient in vivo compared to the crude venomMestradoMestre em Farmacologi

Pharmacological effects of Nephrolepis exaltata L. (fern) aqueous extract on an insect-based model (Nauphoeta cinerea)

In this work we used semi-isolated heart of the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea for the investigation of the pharmacological effects of extracts (aqueous, 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:8) from Nephrolepis exaltata L. leaves, a popular ornamental fern considered to be safe. The use of insects in experimental studies has grown due to the easy handling, proliferation/growing assuring its rapid obtention, and absence of ethical issues. An aqueous extract 0.2 % was obtained after maceration of 1 g N. exaltata leaves powder with 20 mL of distilled water (1:20). Diluted extracts in water were obtained to have the following proportion 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:8. Experiments (n=4) consisted of 200 &micro;L addition onto semi-isolated heart preparation of N. cinerea with concomitant heart beating counting. Aqueous, 1:1 and 1:2 extracts paralyzed completely the heart beatings of cockroachs (p&lt;0.05 compared to saline control), but not 1:4 or 1:8, which showed only a slight decline (p&gt;0.05 compared to saline control). A preliminary thin layer chromatography showed the presence of unidentified terpenoid in aqueous extract of N. exaltata. These pharmacological findings of N. exaltata can be exploited for future use as insecticide or as dose-dependently cholinergic agent

Presynaptic neuromuscular action of a methanolic extract from the venom of Rhinella schneideri toad

CNPQ – CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICORhinella schneideri, previously known as Bufo paracnemis, is a common toad in many regions of Brazil. Its venom exerts important cardiovascular effects on humans and other animals. Although this toad venom has been the subject of intense investigations, little is known about its neuromuscular activity. The neurotoxicity of a methanolic extract of R. schneideri venom was tested on mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm (PND) preparations mounted for conventional twitch tension recording - in response to indirect stimulation - and for electrophysiological measurements. Venom extract (50 μg/mL) increased the muscle twitch tension in PND preparations but did not significantly alter the resting membrane potential values. Electrophysiological evaluations showed that the extract (50 μg/mL) significantly augmented the frequency of miniature end-plate potential (from 38 ± 3.5 to 88 ± 15 after 60 minutes; n = 5; p < 0.05) and quantal content (from 128 ± 13 to 272 ± 34 after five minutes; n = 5; p < 0.05). Pretreatment with ouabain (1 μg/mL) for five minutes prevented the increase in quantal content (117 ± 18 and 154 ± 33 after five and 60 minutes, respectively). These results indicate that the methanolic extract of R. schneideri venom acts primarily presynaptically to enhance neurotransmitter release in mouse phrenic-diaphragm preparations.Rhinella schneideri, previously known as Bufo paracnemis, is a common toad in many regions of Brazil. Its venom exerts important cardiovascular effects on humans and other animals. Although this toad venom has been the subject of intense investigations, little is known about its neuromuscular activity. The neurotoxicity of a methanolic extract of R. schneideri venom was tested on mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm (PND) preparations mounted for conventional twitch tension recording - in response to indirect stimulation - and for electrophysiological measurements. Venom extract (50 μg/mL) increased the muscle twitch tension in PND preparations but did not significantly alter the resting membrane potential values. Electrophysiological evaluations showed that the extract (50 μg/mL) significantly augmented the frequency of miniature end-plate potential (from 38 ± 3.5 to 88 ± 15 after 60 minutes; n = 5; p < 0.05) and quantal content (from 128 ± 13 to 272 ± 34 after five minutes; n = 5; p < 0.05). Pretreatment with ouabain (1 μg/mL) for five minutes prevented the increase in quantal content (117 ± 18 and 154 ± 33 after five and 60 minutes, respectively). These results indicate that the methanolic extract of R. schneideri venom acts primarily presynaptically to enhance neurotransmitter release in mouse phrenic-diaphragm preparations20CNPQ – CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCNPQ – CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOsem informaçã

Translation and validation of Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire to Brazilian Portuguese

Abstract Objective: To translate the Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire to Brazilian Portuguese, cross-culturally adapt, and to verify its validity and its reliability. Methods: The development of the Brazilian version of Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire (Brazil-NBQ) was based on the guideline proposed by Guillemin. The applied process consisted of translation, back-translation, committee review and pre-test. Sixty-one volunteers presenting neck pain participated in this study. Thirty-five of them participated during pre-testing phase to verify the instrument comprehension, and the remaining 26 took part during psychometric analysis. Psychometric evaluation included interrater and intrarater reliability and construct validity (correlation among Brazil-NBQ, SF-36, Numerical rating score and Neck Disability Index). Results: Some terms and expressions were changed to obtain cultural equivalence for Brazil-NBQ during the translation phase. The NBQ showed an intrarater ICC of 0.96 and interrater ICC of 0.87. Construct validity analysis showed moderate correlations with SF-36 and strong correlation with Numerical rating score and Neck Disability Index. Conclusion: Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted to Portuguese language, and it demonstrated to be valid and reliable to evaluate patients’ neck pain