1,123 research outputs found
Reflections on Special Education
Special Education teachers are very special people. Even though I have taught 7-12th grade English, high school speech, drama, forensics, debate, and directed a Montessori Middle School teaching all subjects, Special Education was a whole new world to me. I had been present at IEPs but never presented IEPs. I have had special education students in my class with and without paras, but never had I taught special education in a self-contained classroom. This past semester, I have been able to add teaching Special Education English grades 10-12 to my resume. I have presented IEPs, participated in FBAs and created BIPs, which I didnât even know existed before this semester. I have taught students with learning disabilities and students with behavior and conduct disorders. I have met parents who have little more skills than their children and parents that have PHDs and are college professors. All exist in the world of special education
Large Language Models Can Infer Psychological Dispositions of Social Media Users
As Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate increasingly human-like abilities
in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks that are bound to become
integral to personalized technologies, understanding their capabilities and
inherent biases is crucial. Our study investigates the potential of LLMs like
ChatGPT to infer psychological dispositions of individuals from their digital
footprints. Specifically, we assess the ability of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 to derive
the Big Five personality traits from users' Facebook status updates in a
zero-shot learning scenario. Our results show an average correlation of r = .29
(range = [.22, .33]) between LLM-inferred and self-reported trait scores.
Furthermore, our findings suggest biases in personality inferences with regard
to gender and age: inferred scores demonstrated smaller errors for women and
younger individuals on several traits, suggesting a potential systematic bias
stemming from the underlying training data or differences in online
self-expression
Preferences for cancer investigation:a vignette-based study of primary-care attendees
SummaryBackgroundThe UK lags behind many European countries in terms of cancer survival. Initiatives to address this disparity have focused on barriers to presentation, symptom recognition, and referral for specialist investigation. Selection of patients for further investigation has come under particular scrutiny, although preferences for referral thresholds in the UK population have not been studied. We investigated preferences for diagnostic testing for colorectal, lung, and pancreatic cancers in primary-care attendees.MethodsIn a vignette-based study, researchers recruited individuals aged at least 40 years attending 26 general practices in three areas of England between Dec 6, 2011, and Aug 1, 2012. Participants completed up to three of 12 vignettes (four for each of lung, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers), which were randomly assigned. The vignettes outlined a set of symptoms, the risk that these symptoms might indicate cancer (1%, 2%, 5%, or 10%), the relevant testing process, probable treatment, possible alternative diagnoses, and prognosis if cancer were identified. Participants were asked whether they would opt for diagnostic testing on the basis of the information in the vignette.Findings3469 participants completed 6930 vignettes. 3052 individuals (88%) opted for investigation in their first vignette. We recorded no strong evidence that participants were more likely to opt for investigation with a 1% increase in risk of cancer (odds ratio [OR] 1·02, 95% CI 0·99â1·06; p=0·189), although the association between risk and opting for investigation was strong when colorectal cancer was analysed alone (1·08, 1·03â1·13; p=0·0001). In multivariable analysis, age had an effect in all three cancer models: participants aged 60â69 years were significantly more likely to opt for investigation than were those aged 40â59 years, and those aged 70 years or older were less likely. Other variables associated with increased likelihood of opting for investigation were shorter travel times to testing centre (colorectal and lung cancers), a family history of cancer (colorectal and lung cancers), and higher household income (colorectal and pancreatic cancers).InterpretationParticipants in our sample expressed a clear preference for diagnostic testing at all risk levels, and individuals want to be tested at risk levels well below those stipulated by UK guidelines. This willingness should be considered during design of cancer pathways, particularly in primary care. The public engagement with our study should encourage general practitioners to involve patients in referral decision making.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Programme Grants for Applied Research programme
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A Representation for Natural Category Systems
Most AI systems model and represent natural concepts and categories using uniform taxonomies,in which no level in the taxonomy is distinguished. W e present a representation of natural taxonomies based on the theory that human category systems are non-uniform.That is, not all levels of abstraction are equally important or useful; there is a basic level which forms the core of a taxonomy. Empirical evidence for this theory is discussed, as are the linguistic and processing implications of this theory for an artificial intelligence/natural language processing system. We present our implementation of this theory in SNePS, a semantic network processing system which includes an A T N parser generator,demonstrating how this design allows our system to model human performance in the natural language generation of the most appropriate category name for an object.The internal structure of categories is also discussed, and a representation for natural concepts using a prototype model is presented and discussed
Innovationsverhalten der deutschen Wirtschaft : Hintergrundbericht zur Innovationserhebung 2001
Die hohe Beteiligung an InnovationsaktivitĂ€ten und der weiterhin hohe wirtschaftliche Erfolg, den Innovatoren aus der EinfĂŒhrung neuer Produkte und Prozesse - gerade auch auf internationalen MĂ€rkten - erzielen können, zeigt, dass das deutsche Innovationssystem insgesamt wettbewerbsfĂ€hig ist. Dies ist jedoch kein SelbstlĂ€ufer. Dieser Bericht liefert einige wichtige Hinweise auf Bereiche des Innovationssystems, in denen weitere Anstrengungen notwendig sind, um auch kĂŒnftig die LeistungsfĂ€higkeit der deutschen Wirtschaft zu erhalten
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