Recipient’s mood, relationship types, and helping.

We conducted two studies to examine how a potential helper is affected by having a communal orientation toward a relationship with a potential recipient and by the potential recipient's sadness. We hypothesized that (a) having a communal orientation would increase helping and that (b) people high in communal orientation, but not others, would respond to a potential recipient's sadness by increasing helping. These hypotheses were tested in two studies. In Study 1, individual differences in communal orientation toward relationships were measured by using a new communal orientation scale reported for the first time in this article. In Study 2, manipulations were used to lead subjects to desire either a communal or an exchange relationship with another person. In both studies, subjects were exposed to a sad person or to a person in a neutral mood whom they were given a chance to help. As hypothesized, in both studies communally oriented subjects helped the other significantly more than did others. Also as hypothesized, in both studies communally oriented subjects but not others, increased helping in response to the other person's sadness although this effect reached statistical significance only in the second study

POSITIVE FEEDBACK EFFECTS OF BRAND EXTENSIONS: EXPANDING BRAND MEANING AND THE RANGE OF EXTENDIBILITY

The focus of this research is on the positive feedback effects of brand extensions. In particular, this study identifies and examines conditions under which brand extendibility is enhanced by expanding product category associations. This is important as it has been argued that the range of a brand’s extendibility is one measure of brand equity. Thus, developing strategies to modify brand product category associations that stretch brand extension boundaries may increase equity. The results indicate that systematically introducing brand extensions consistent with a broader, more superordinate product category can modify a brand’s product category associations and enhance its ability to accommodate more diverse extensions. More specifically, expansion of a brand’s product category associations and extension boundaries occur when: 1) extensions are perceived to be consistent with the parent brand image and 2) extensions and the current products together become associated with a more abstract, superordinate level product category. Further, under these conditions there is no evidence of adverse affects on either brand attitudes or brand image beliefs. To the contrary, when extensions were perceived to be inconsistent with the brand image or consumers perceived no sensible relationship between current brand products and extensions the brand is adversely affected. Finally, the results demonstrate that using traditional measures of perceived similarity (relatedness) between brand extensions and current parent brand products has important limitations and implications for identifying potential brand extensions.Marketing, Brand Extensions, Experimental Design

Investigating non-visitors' intentions to travel to a long-haul holiday destination

This paper aims to expand our understanding of the main drivers of traveler’s intention to visit a long-haul holiday destination drawing on a model of CBBE (consumer-based brand equity). The authors propose and test a conceptual model using data from a sample of 152 Chilean travelers that have not visited Australia previously. The findings show that the image and value of Australia are positively and significantly related to Chilean traveler’s intention to visit this destination for holidays. Awareness of Australia has only an indirect effect on intentions to visit this destination through its effect on brand image. Finally, perceptions of brand quality were not significantly related to Chilean traveler’s intention to visit Australia for holidays. This study contributes to the tourism and leisure literature by identifying the main drivers for attracting long-haul potential travelers that have not visited the destination previously

Understanding travelers' intentions to visit a short versus long-haul emerging vacation destination: The case of Chile

Limited research examines short-haul and long-haul travelers' intentions to visit an emerging vacation destination in South America. To fill this gap, this research investigates intentions of potential travelers from two short-haul (Peru and Brazil) and two long-haul (Spain and Germany) markets to visit Chile as a vacation destination. The authors develop a conceptual model that expands upon the theory of planned behavior (TPB) framework by incorporating self-concept theory and destination familiarity. The data were collected by applying an online questionnaire to respondents in four countries. Hypotheses are tested with structural equation modeling (SEM) technique. The results verify that the extended TPB model has good explanatory power and that destination familiarity and self-concept, in particular the ideal social self, help to differentiate what drives short and long-haul travelers' intentions to visit Chile. Perceived behavioral control and subjective norms are the strongest predictors of both short and long-haul travelers’ intentions to visit Chile for vacation

Vårdpersonals föreställningar om döende patienter med invandrarbakgrund

Studien syftar till att belysa vårdpersonals föreställningar om vård av patienter med invandrarbakgrund i livets slutskede. 60 vårdpersonal intervjuades i elva fokusgrupper. Intervjuerna analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Analysen visade att vårdpersonalen förväntade sig att interaktioner med dessa patienter skilde sig åt möten med patienter kategoriserade som svenskar. Möten med patienter med invandrarbakgrund beskrevs innebära speciella utmaningar. Följande antaganden präglade vårdpersonalens samtal: patienters bristande kunskap om kroppens autonomi, att kommunikativa utmaningar är typiskt för dessa vårdmöten, att högljuddhet är typiskt eftersom patienterna förväntas visa smärta tydligt samt att de har stora och engagerade familjer. Resultaten väcker frågor om huruvida modeller om etno-kulturell kompetens, vars syfte är att lära ut kulturella och/eller etniskt specifika vårdbehov, inte i själva verket förstärker känslor av oro och okunskap som de delvis syftar att förhindra

Health care professionals' understandings of cross-cultural interaction in end-of-life care : a focus group study

Objective The academic debate on cross-cultural interaction within the context of end-of-life care takes for granted that this interaction is challenging. However, few empirical studies have actually focused on what health care professionals think about this interaction. This study aimed to explore health care professionals' understandings of cross-cultural interaction during end-of-life care. Methods Sixty end-of-life care professionals were recruited from eleven care units in Sweden to take part in focus group interviews. These interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results The health care professionals interviewed talked about cross-cultural interaction in end-oflife care as interaction that brings about uncertainty, stress and frustration even though they had limited experience of this type of interaction. The focus group discussions brought attention to four specific challenges that they expected to meet when they care for patients with migrant backgrounds since they took for granted that they would have an ethno-cultural background that is different to their own. These challenges had to do with communication barriers, `unusual' emotional and pain expressions, the expectation that these patients' families would be `different' and the anticipation that these patients and their families lack knowledge. At the core of the challenges in question is the idea that cross-cultural interaction means meeting "the unknown". In addition, the end-of-life care professionals interviewed talked about patients whose backgrounds they did not share in homogenizing terms. It is against this backdrop that they worried about their ability to provide end-of-life care that is individualized enough to meet the needs of these patients. Conclusions The study suggests that end-of-life care professionals who regard cross-cultural interaction in this manner could face actual challenges when caring for patients whose backgrounds they regard as "the unknown" since they anticipate a variety of challenges and do not seem confident enough that they can provide good quality care when cross-cultural interaction is at stake