Evaluation of genetic damage induced by glyphosate isopropylamine salt using Tradescantia bioassays

Glyphosate is noted for being non-toxic in fishes, birds and mammals (including humans). Nevertheless, the degree of genotoxicity is seriously controversial. In this work, various concentrations of a glyphosate isopropylamine salt were tested using two methods of genotoxicity assaying, viz., the pink mutation assay with Tradescantia (4430) and the comet assay with nuclei from staminal cells of the same plant. Staminal nuclei were studied in two different forms, namely nuclei from exposed plants, and nuclei exposed directly. Using the pink mutation assay, isopropylamine induced a total or partial loss of color in staminal cells, a fundamental criterion utilized in this test. Consequently, its use is not recommended when studying genotoxicity with agents that produce pallid staminal cells. The comet assay system detected statistically significant (p < 0.01) genotoxic activity by isopropylamine, when compared to the negative control in both the nuclei of treated plants and directly treated nuclei, but only the treated nuclei showed a dose-dependent increase. Average migration in the nuclei of treated plants increased, when compared to that in treated nuclei. This was probably due, either to the permanence of isopropylamine in inflorescences, or to the presence of secondary metabolites. In conclusion, isopropylamine possesses strong genotoxic activity, but its detection can vary depending on the test systems used

An alternative inoculation technique of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on mango for early anthracnose tolerance screening

The importance of having a technique that allows an efficient expression of symptoms of anthracnose is based on the early differentiation of cultivars and the optimization of genetic, material and financial resources. The objective of this research was to generate an alternative inoculation technique for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on mango for early anthracnose tolerance screening. On this technique was optimized some of the most relevant components such as isolate virulence, conidial density, the inoculum deposition on leaves and using of surfactants. The study was carried in Iguala, Mexico, during the production cycles 2015-2016. C. gloeosporioides was biologically and culturally characterized. Gro and Sin monosporic strains were isolated from leaves, flowers, fruits and branches with anthracnose symptoms from commercial mango orchards located in Guerrero and Sinaloa states, Mexico. These strains show mycelial growth at 2.2 and 2.1 cm of diameter per day, spore density of 4.3x106, 3.9x106 conidia/ml, germination of 27 and 26%, virulence, with incubation period 4.5 and 4.1 days after inoculation, incidence of 90 and 92% and severity of 3.2 and 3.5 cm of diameter. The highest incidence and severity values with the lowest incubation period, was obtained using Gro isolate (1x105 conidia/ml) and polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan monolaurate as spreader-sticker inoculated on the abaxial surface on detached young leaves, 15-20 days old, with a soft brush and incubated under dark condition. This inoculation technique allowed the optimal expression of C. gloeosporioides virulence in mango leaves and could be incorporated as a tool in the early differentiation of tolerance and susceptibility among cultivars.La importancia de contar con una técnica que permita una expresión eficiente de síntomas de antracnosis se basa en la diferenciación temprana de cultivares y a la optimización de recursos genéticos, materiales y financieros. El objetivo de esta investigación fue generar una técnica de inoculación alternativa para Colletotrichum gloeosporioides en mango para la detección temprana de la tolerancia a la antracnosis. En esta técnica se optimizaron algunos de los componentes más relevantes como la virulencia de los aislamientos, la densidad de conidios, la deposición de inóculo en hojas y el uso de surfactantes. El estudio se realizó en Iguala, México, durante los ciclos de producción 2015-2016. C. gloeosporioides fue caracterizado biológica y culturalmente. Los aislamientos monospóricos Gro y Sin, fueron obtenidos de hojas, flores, frutos y ramas con síntomas típicos de antracnosis procedentes de huertos comerciales de mango ubicados en los estados de Guerrero y Sinaloa, México. Estos aislamientos presentaron un crecimiento micelial de 2,2, y 2,1 cm de diámetro por día, densidad de esporas de 4,3x10 (elevado a 6), 3,9x10 (elevado a 6) conidios/ml, germinación de 27 y 26%, virulencia, con un período de incubación de 4,5 y 4,1 días después de la inoculación, 90 y 92% de incidencia y severidad de 3,2 y 3,5 cm de diámetro. Los valores de incidencia y severidad más altos y los períodos de incubación más bajos se obtuvieron con el aislamiento Gro (1x10 (elevado a 5) conidios/ml), en un medio de monolaurato de polioxietileno-20-sorbitán sobre la superficie abaxial de hojas jóvenes desprendidas, de 15-20 días de desarrollo, con el empleo de una brocha de pelo suave e incubado en condiciones de oscuridad. Esta técnica de inoculación permitió la expresión óptima de virulencia de C. gloeosporioides en hojas de mango y podría incorporarse como una herramienta en la diferenciación temprana de la tolerancia y susceptibilidad entre cultivares

Evaluation of genetic damage induced by glyphosate isopropylamine salt using Tradescantia bioassays

Abstract Glyphosate is noted for being non-toxic in fishes, birds and mammals (including humans). Nevertheless, the degree of genotoxicity is seriously controversial. In this work, various concentrations of a glyphosate isopropylamine salt were tested using two methods of genotoxicity assaying, viz., the pink mutation assay with Tradescantia (4430) and the comet assay with nuclei from staminal cells of the same plant. Staminal nuclei were studied in two different forms, namely nuclei from exposed plants, and nuclei exposed directly. Using the pink mutation assay, isopropylamine induced a total or partial loss of color in staminal cells, a fundamental criterion utilized in this test. Consequently, its use is not recommended when studying genotoxicity with agents that produce pallid staminal cells. The comet assay system detected statistically significant (p &lt; 0.01) genotoxic activity by isopropylamine, when compared to the negative control in both the nuclei of treated plants and directly treated nuclei, but only the treated nuclei showed a dose-dependent increase. Average migration in the nuclei of treated plants increased, when compared to that in treated nuclei. This was probably due, either to the permanence of isopropylamine in inflorescences, or to the presence of secondary metabolites. In conclusion, isopropylamine possesses strong genotoxic activity, but its detection can vary depending on the test systems used

An alternative inoculation technique of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on mango for early anthracnose tolerance screening

The importance of having a technique that allows an efficient expression of symptoms of anthracnose is based on the early differentiation of cultivars and the optimization of genetic, material and financial resources. The objective of this research was to generate an alternative inoculation technique for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on mango for early anthracnose tolerance screening. On this technique was optimized some of the most relevant components such as isolate virulence, conidial density, the inoculum deposition on leaves and using of surfactants. The study was carried in Iguala, Mexico, during the production cycles 2015-2016. C. gloeosporioides was biologically and culturally characterized. Gro and Sin monosporic strains were isolated from leaves, flowers, fruits and branches with anthracnose symptoms from commercial mango orchards located in Guerrero and Sinaloa states, Mexico. These strains show mycelial growth at 2.2 and 2.1 cm of diameter per day, spore density of 4.3x106, 3.9x106 conidia/ml, germination of 27 and 26%, virulence, with incubation period 4.5 and 4.1 days after inoculation, incidence of 90 and 92% and severity of 3.2 and 3.5 cm of diameter. The highest incidence and severity values with the lowest incubation period, was obtained using Gro isolate (1x105 conidia/ml) and polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan monolaurate as spreader-sticker inoculated on the abaxial surface on detached young leaves, 15-20 days old, with a soft brush and incubated under dark condition. This inoculation technique allowed the optimal expression of C. gloeosporioides virulence in mango leaves and could be incorporated as a tool in the early differentiation of tolerance and susceptibility among cultivars

EVALUATION OF TOLERANCE TO VEGETATIVE ANTRACNOSIS OF NEW MANGO GERMPLASMS IN MEXICO

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.) is one of the most important diseases of mango (Mangifera indica L.) due to its wide distribution in the world and to induce severe epidemics in the vegetative and reproductive stages, causing important production losses. The objective of this research was to evaluate the tolerance to C. gloeosporioides infection in the vegetative stage of eleven new mango cultivars in Mexico with potential in the export market. Leaves of 15 days old of development were inoculated with the Gro isolate highlighted in virulence. Based on the incubation, period, incidence and severity, "Alphonse", "Neelum", "Kesar and Ivory” cultivars were low susceptibility, “Nam Doc Mai”, “Rosygold”, “Cotaxtla” were highly susceptible, and "Fairchild", "Ataúlfo Diamante", "Ataúlfo Zafiro" and "Mallika" had medium susceptibility. The longer incubation periods determined the lowest severity (r2= -0.89 and -0.90) and incidence (r2= -0.77 and -0.85). The incidence correlated positively with severity (r2= 0.86 and 0.92), both inoculation techniques (DLT and ALT) were useful to induce typical symptoms of anthracnose and to estimate the expression of virulence (incubation period, incidence and severity) of the pathogen.   La antracnosis (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.) es una de las enfermedades más importantes del mango (Mangifera indica L.) debido a su amplia distribución en el mundo y por inducir severas epidemias en etapas vegetativas y reproductiva que conllevan a importantes pérdidas de producción. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la tolerancia a la infección por C. gloeosporioides en etapa vegetativa de once nuevos cultivares de mango en México con potencial en el mercado de exportación. Se inocularon hojas de 15 días de desarrollo con el aislamiento virulento Gro. Basándose en los períodos de incubación, incidencia y severidad, los cultivares "Alphonse", "Neelum", "Kesar e “Ivory" presentaron baja susceptibilidad, "Nam Doc Mai", "Rosygold", y "Cotaxtla" fueron altamente susceptibles mientras que  “Fairchild”. “Ataúlfo Diamante”, “Ataúlfo Zafiro” y "Mallika" exhibieron susceptibilidad media. Los períodos de incubación más largos determinaron la menor severidad (r2 = -0.89 y -0.90) e incidencia (r2 = -0.77 y -0.85). La incidencia se correlacionó positivamente con la gravedad (r2 = 0,86 y 0,92), ambas técnicas (DLT y ALT) de inoculación fueron útiles para inducir síntomas típicos de antracnosis y para estimar la expresión de virulencia (período de incubación, incidencia y severidad) del patógeno

3er. Coloquio: Fortalecimiento de los Colectivos de Docencia

Las memorias del 3er. Coloquio de Fortalecimiento de Colectivos de Docencia deben ser entendidas como un esfuerzo colectivo de la comunidad de académicos de la División de Ciencias y Artes para el Diseño, en medio de la pandemia COVID-19, con el fin de: • Analizar y proponer acciones concretas que promuevan el mejoramiento de la calidad docente en la División. • Proponer acciones que permitan continuar fortaleciendo los cursos con modalidad a distancia (remotos). • Ante un escenario que probablemente demandará en el mediano plazo, transitar del modelo remoto a un modelo híbrido, proponer acciones a considerar para la transición de los cursos. • Planear y preparar cursos de nivelación de conocimientos, para cuando se transite a la impartición de la docencia de manera mixta o presencial, dirigidos a los alumnos que no hayan tenido oportunidad de desarrollar actividades relevantes para su formación, como prácticas de talleres y laboratorios, visitas, o alguna otra actividad relevante