Mesure des efforts de défonçage et de la qualité finale en usinant en différents angles du fil : comparaison entre le pin Douglas et le pin d'Alep

Comparaison entre un bois très commun et usiné en Europe comme le pin Douglas et une essence pas très utilisée comme le pin d'Alep de provenance algérienne. Pour cette comparaison, une nouvelle méthode a été mise au point afin d'évaluer les efforts de coupe et la qualité des surfaces usinées dans le processus du défonçage. Cette méthode a été expérimentée sur du pin d'Alep en coupe orthogonale allant de façon continue de 90°/0° à 90°/90° dans le sens du fil et contrefil afin de juger également de l'aptitude à l'usinage de ce bois par rapport à d'autres essences plus communément usinées. L'outil de coupe est une fraise circulaire comportant deux plaquettes en carbure. Elle est utilisée pour usiner le chant de disques de pin d'Alep prélevés dans une planche, ce qui induit une variation de l'angle du fil continue de 0° à 360°. La mesure des forces de coupe a été faite avec l'emploi d'une table piézoélectrique Kistler 9257A à trois axes montée sur la table d'une défonceuse à commande numérique, couplée à un PC et une carte d'acquisition. Les données sont traitées à l'aide d'un logiciel Dasylab. Parallèlement, des tests de qualité des surfaces usinées avec un outil comportant une arête de coupe neuve sur une moitié et usée artificiellement sur l'autre ont été réalisés par une nouvelle méthode sans contact développée par l'équipe de recherche Cnr/Ivalsa. Les résultats indiquent que les efforts de coupe sont un peu plus grands pour le pin Douglas que pour le pin d'Alep. En revanche, la qualité des surfaces obtenues est bien meilleure pour le pin d'Alep que pour le pin Douglas. (Résumé d'auteur

Multi-sensor data fusion and parallel factor analysis reveals kinetics of wood weathering

Understanding mechanisms of materials deterioration during service life is fundamental for their confident use in the building sector. This work presents analysis of time series of data related to wood weathering acquired at three scales (molecular, microscopic, macroscopic) with different sensors. By using several complementary techniques, the material description is precise and complete; however, the data provided by multiple equipment are often not directly comparable due to different resolution, sensitivity and/or data format. This paper presents an alternative approach for multi-sensor data fusion and modelling of the deterioration processes by means of PARAFAC model. Time series data generated within this research were arranged in a data cube of dimensions samples × sensors × measuring time. The original protocol for data fusion as well as novel meta parameters, such as cumulative nested biplot, was proposed and tested. It was possible to successfully differentiate weathering trends of diverse materials on the basis of the NIR spectra and selected surface appearance indicators. A unique advantage for such visualization of the PARAFAC model output is the possibility of straightforward comparison of the degradation kinetics and deterioration trends simultaneously for all tested materials

Assessment of the chemical change in heat treated pine wood by near infrared spectroscopy

Fourier-transform near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) was used as none-destructive method to determinate changes in the chemical structure of heat-treated wood. For this purpose, pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) was treated at different temperatures (from 100 °C to 240 °C) and for three durations(1, 3 or 5 hours). The effects of chemical changes on the FT-NIR spectra are linked to absorbance changes of functional groups (–OH, –CH, –CO and –CH2) of lignin, hemicelluloses and cellulose. Gradual degradation of amorphous portion of cellulose was caused by high temperature, while crystalline and semi-crystalline portions of cellulose seem to be less affected by the thermal treatment. The effect of various intensities of heat treatment on chemical changes of wood polymers varied depending on temperature and duration. Presentation of spectra in the form of the xylograms shows clear tendency of degradation kinetic. Evaluation of thermal stability of selected wood component and/or comparison of the influence of modification process parameters can be carried out

Performance of modified wood in service - multi-sensor data fusion and its multi-way analysis

Recent developments in the field of electronic sensors and analytics provide new opportunity for accurate characterization of materials often based on portable and non-destructive methods. By using several complementary techniques, the material description is precise and complete. The data provided by multiple equipment, however, are often not directly comparable due to different resolution, sensitivity and/or data format. The complexity related to the data fusion step and its further interpretation often leads to not complete exploitation of the available data. This paper presents a multi-block approach used for merging experimental data collected by measurement of modified wood in service. Characterization of samples appearance (colour and gloss) is merged with spectral data that decodes information regarding chemical composition. Alternative approaches for data fusion on the low-, mid- and high-levels are introduced, discussed and confronted with the standard approach (single sensor data interpretation). Finally, the trial to analyse the data with multi-way method is presented and interpreted

A Method for Accelerated Natural Weathering of Wood Subsurface and Its Multilevel Characterization

The function of altering weathering factors and degradation mechanisms are essential for understanding the weathering process of materials. The goal of this work was to develop a method for the acceleration of natural weathering and to investigate the molecular, microstructure and macrostructure degradation of wood caused by the process. Tests were performed in the whole month of July, which, according to previous research, is considered as the most severe for weathering of wood micro-sections. Sample appearance was evaluated by colour measurement. Scanning electron microscopy was used for evaluation of the structural integrity and changes in the microstructure of wood morphological components. Changes on the molecular level were assessed by means of FT-IR spectroscopy. Observation of the effects of weathering allowed a better understanding of the degradation process. Typical structural damage, such as cracks on bordered pits and cross-field pits, and, as a consequence, their erosion, revealed the sequence of the degradation process. It was confirmed that earlywood was more susceptible to damage than latewood. Even if the weathering test was conducted for a relatively short time (28 days) the ultra-thin wood samples changed noticeably. The progress of alteration was similar as usually noticed for wood surfaces, but occurred at shorter exposure times. The estimated acceleration factor was ×3, compare to the natural weathering kinetics of wood. The research methodology presented can be used for the determination of the weather dose-response models essential to estimate the future service life performance of timber elements