A study on the effect of topical lidocaine gel versus drops on surgeon’s comfort during manual small incision cataract surgery

Background: Cataract is a frequent surgical procedure performed worldwide. The study compared lidocaine 4% drops with 2% gel on surgeon’s comfort, need for supplemental anaesthesia and duration of surgery in patients who underwent manual small incision cataract surgery.Methods: This was a Prospective, Comparison study conducted at a Single centre by multiple surgeons. Patients enrolled for surgeries were divided into Group A: Lidocaine 4% drops 1ml was instilled in the conjunctival sac 5 minutes before surgery and Group B: Lidocaine 2% gel 2ml was applied. Endpoints evaluated were surgeon’s comfort, need for supplemental anesthesia and duration of surgery.Results: The mean duration of surgery for gel was 20±8 minutes as compared to 29±6 minutes with drops (p*- value<0.001). 26 (87%) patients in gel did not require any supplemental anesthesia as compared to 3 (10%) patients in drops. Peribulbar supplementation was required for 20 (67%) patients in drops as compared to 1 (3%) patient in gel (p*- value<0.001). 26 (87%) patients in gel were operated comfortably by the surgeon as compared to 2 (6%) patients in drops. Mild to Moderate discomfort was experienced by the surgeon in operating 27 (90%) patients in drops as compared to 3(10%) patients in gel (p*- value<0.001).Conclusions: The surgeons were more comfortable using gel with least requirement of supplemental anaesthesia and faster completion compared to drops

The Prince of Pine Avenue and the Père de la Patrie: A Machiavellian Analysis of Pierre Trudeau and Rene Lévesque

This study was inspired by the remarkable number of Machiavellian references we noted in journalistic and scholarly accounts of the 1970 War Measures Act and the Québec Referendum that followed a decade later. The notion that Machiavelli’s insights in the sixteenth century might have utility for a critique of 20th century Quebecois political life seemed outrageous and we wanted to explore the validity of such associations. There’s nothing wrong with this. We wanted to see if there was more to them than the shorthand of short-cycle journalism or if they actually possessed enough analytical force to usefully illustrate aspects of that period of Quebec’s history. We discovered that the Machiavellian lens was remarkably illuminating, especially with respect to the clash of two of Quebec’s most influential personalities, Pierre Trudeau and Rene Lévesque although, with the notable exception of Denis Arcand, the connections made at the time failed to extend much beyond attempts to make ad hominum slurs against the principle actors in the drama

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in Aluminium Alloys 7075 and 2024

Aluminum and its alloys are central materials for the aircraft industry. Aluminum alloys (AA) 7075 and 2024 are widely used both in the structures and in brittle sections of the airplanes. The presence of the alloying elements in these metals makes them susceptible to localized corrosion at the same time vulnerable to bacterial attachment. A great number of reports on aircraft deterioration are related to microbial growth by contamination inside fuel storage tanks and aircraft wing tanks; this phenomenon is known as microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). As expected, corrosion and biocorrosion increase maintenance costs and time of the aircraft in the hangar. Therefore, the growing interest is to shed light on these issues and develop future inhibition methods. In this chapter, we will give an overview of microbiologically influenced corrosion associated with AA 2024 and 7075 by consortia and bacteria. Three mechanisms of biocorrosion in aluminium alloys have been described. In addition, some alternatives methods to battle the effect of biocorrosion will be shown, these methods are based on green compound which blocking of attached of bacteria and promote the detachment of biofilm, being these a tendency of the last innovation way to inhibit this kind of phenomenon

Reliability and Utility of a Novel Classification Scheme for Gait Deviations in Children with Persistent Idiopathic Toe Walking

Neurotypically developing children who toe walk usually spontaneously resolve by school age, those who do not are considered to have Persistent Idiopathic Toe Walking (ITWp) and may develop ankle contractures and foot skeletal deformities. Alvarez et al. proposed a classification scheme in 2006. When it was applied to our cohort, it failed to classify many subjects due to ambiguity in the classification scheme definition

Guidance of sentinel lymph node biopsy decisions in patients with T1-T2 melanoma using gene expression profiling.

AIM: Can gene expression profiling be used to identify patients with T1-T2 melanoma at low risk for sentinel lymph node (SLN) positivity? PATIENTS & METHODS: Bioinformatics modeling determined a population in which a 31-gene expression profile test predicted \u3c5% SLN positivity. Multicenter, prospectively-tested (n = 1421) and retrospective (n = 690) cohorts were used for validation and outcomes, respectively. RESULTS: Patients 55-64 years and ≥65 years with a class 1A (low-risk) profile had SLN positivity rates of 4.9% and 1.6%. Class 2B (high-risk) patients had SLN positivity rates of 30.8% and 11.9%. Melanoma-specific survival was 99.3% for patients ≥55 years with class 1A, T1-T2 tumors and 55.0% for class 2B, SLN-positive, T1-T2 tumors. CONCLUSION: The 31-gene expression profile test identifies patients who could potentially avoid SLN biopsy