Dieta mediterránea y enfermedad cardiovascular: resultados del estudio piloto del proyecto SUN

Fundamento: La dieta mediterránea ha sido propuesta como modelo de patrón dietético para la prevención de la cardiopatía isquémica. El proyecto SUN (“Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra”) es un estudio epidemiológico prospectivo de cohortes, que se inició en el año 2000 y que va dirigido a identificar determinantes dietéticos y no dietéticos implicados en estas enfermedades. La viabilidad del proyecto, se comprobó con un estudio piloto en dos fases. Métodos: La primera fase del estudio piloto contó con la participación de voluntarios en los que se valoraron las exposiciones dietéticas y no dietéticas mediante un cuestionario autoadministrado y por entrevista personal. Para la segunda fase, se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria de 600 graduados y se les envió el cuestionario por correo. Para estimar la variabilidad inter-sujetos se calcularon los percentiles 10, 25, 50, 75 y 90 de consumo para los principales alimentos y nutrientes considerados. Resultados: Los participantes entendieron y respondieron adecuadamente los cuestionarios. El tiempo medio empleado en contestar el cuestionario fue de 55,0 minutos (IC 95%=50,7-59,3). Se encontró una amplia variabilidad inter-sujetos entre los percentiles 10 y 90 en el consumo de los principales alimentos que pueden considerarse indicadores de la dieta mediterránea, como son el aceite de oliva, las frutas, las verduras y el vino. Conclusiones: La submuestra presentó una participación relativamente aceptable. Se halló un patrón de dieta mediterránea con una variabilidad inter-sujetos suficientemente amplia como para poder encontrar asociaciones entre el consumo de alimentos y la incidencia de las principales enfermedades cardiovasculares

Dietary patterns and total mortality in a Mediterranean cohort: the SUN project

BACKGROUND: Different dietary patterns have been associated with several health outcomes, including morbidity and mortality. There is little evidence on the association between empirically derived dietary patterns and all-cause mortality in Southern European populations. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to prospectively evaluate the association between an empirically derived dietary pattern and all-cause mortality. DESIGN: The Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Project is an ongoing, multipurpose, prospective and dynamic Spanish cohort. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Participants were a prospective cohort of 16,008 middle-aged Spanish adults. All of them were university graduates (alumni) (59.6% women, mean age 38 years). Usual diet was assessed at baseline with a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Deaths were confirmed by review of medical records and of the National Death Index. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Dietary patterns were ascertained through a factor (principal component) analysis based on 30 predefined food groups. Participants were classified according to tertiles of adherence to the three main dietary patterns identified with factor analysis. Cox regression models were fitted to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIs for mortality. RESULTS: Three major dietary patterns were identified. They were labelled Western dietary pattern (rich in red and processed meat, potatoes, and fast food), Mediterranean dietary pattern (rich in vegetables, fish and seafood, fruits, and olive oil), and alcoholic beverages dietary pattern. During follow-up, 148 deaths were reported (mean age at death 54.5 years). After adjustment for potential confounders, the lowest risk of all-cause mortality was found in the tertile of highest adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern (adjusted hazard ratio for third vs first tertile 0.53, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.84) (P for trend <0.01). The Western dietary pattern and alcoholic beverages dietary pattern showed no significant association with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Greater adherence to an empirically derived dietary pattern approaching the traditional Mediterranean diet was associated with a reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality among middle-aged Mediterranean adults

Determinants of the adherence to an "a priori" defined Mediterranean dietary pattern

Background: A prospective cohort study with university level participants was initiated to study the effect of Mediterranean diet on health. Aims: The objective of this study was to identify possible lifestyle and socioeconomic variables associated with the consumption of a Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP). Method: This analysis includes 1587 males and 2260 females. MDP was defined “a priori” by summing the standardized residuals of nutrients and foods after adjusting a regression model using total energy intake as the independent variable. Multiple regression and non-parametric locally weighted regression models were adjusted with the relative adherence to the MDP as the dependent variable in males and females. Results: Women were more compliant than men with the MDP (Coefficient regression (b) = 4.1; Confidence Interval (CI) 95 % = 3.2 to 4.9). The compliance with the MDP was significantly poorer among younger participants both in men and women (p < 0.001 in men and in women). Participants who were more physically active were more likely to fulfill the traditional MDP (p = 0.01 in men and p < 0.001 in women). Conclusions: Our findings provide evidence supporting the progressive departure from the traditional MDP in younger and highly educated subjects of the Mediterranean area. A more active life-style is associated with a better compliance with the MDP

Daily physical activity and macronutrient distribution of low-calorie diets jointly affect body fat reduction in obese women.

Inadequate dietary patterns and sedentary lifestyles are believed to be important factors in predisposing people to obesity. This study analyzed the potential interaction between habitual physical activity and the carbohydrate (CHO)-fat distribution in 2 hypocaloric diets and the impact of such interplay on body composition changes. Forty healthy obese women, 20–50 years old, were randomly assigned to a high- or low-CHO energy-restricted diet, which was low or high in fat, respectively, during 10 weeks. Baseline and final measurements were performed to assess dietary habits, resting metabolic rate, and body composition changes. Physical activity was measured with a triaxial accelerometer and with a questionnaire. There were no significant differences in anthropometric and metabolic variables between both dietary groups at baseline. However, there was a positive correlation between total free-living physical activity and arm muscle preservation after 10 weeks (r = 0.371; p = 0.024). Interestingly, an interaction between macronutrient (CHO–fat distribution) intake and physical activity was found, since less-active subjects with a high-CHO–low-fat diet showed a greater fat loss than those more active with a lower-CHO–high-fat diet, whereas more-active subjects with a high-CHO–low-fat diet showed a smaller fat loss than those receiving a low-CHO–high-fat diet. Physical activity and the macronutrient content of energyrestricted diets, when designed to promote body fat mass reduction, should be considered together to better predict the outcome

Mediterranean diet and depression

Objective: The adherence to a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern ensures an adequate intake of B vitamins and w-3 fatty acids. A protective role on depression has been suggested for both nutrients. Design: Cross-sectional analysis from the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) prospective cohort study. Data from 9670 participants (4211 men and 5459 women) were analised. Logistic regression analyses were fitted to assess the association between B-vitamins and w-3 fatty acids intake (quintiles) and the prevalence of depression. Results: Folate intake was inversely associated with depression prevalence among men, especially smokers. Among women, B12 vitamin intake was inversely associated with depression, especially among smokers and physically active women. No significant associations were observed for w-3 fatty acids intake. Conclusions: The adherence to a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern ensures an adequate intake of fruits, nuts, vegetables, cereals, legumes or fish, important sources of nutrients linked to depression prevention

INFLUENCIA DE LA PERDIDA DE PESO Y LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA SOBRE FACTORES DE RIESGO CARDIOVASCULAR DE MUJERES OBESAS

La obesidad se asocia a un número de factores de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares que incluyen hipertensión, frecuencia cardiaca aumentada, resistencia a la insulina, etc. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido observar la influencia de la pérdida de peso inducida por una dieta hipocalórica y el ejercicio habitual sobre la presión arterial y la frecuencia cardíaca de una población obesa femenina. 40 mujeres obesas sanas entre 20 y 50 años fueron seleccionadas para el estudio, el cual consistió en una valoración de la actividad física (AF) mediante un cuestionario autodefinido de AF, una intervención nutricional durante 10 semanas con una dieta hipocalórica diseñada para perder peso y un día de ensayo experimental inicial y final en los cuales se realizaron determinaciones antropométricas y metabólicas. Las voluntarias presentaron inicialmente una media de IMC de 37,2 kg/m2 y un porcentaje de grasa corporal de 43,3%. El peso se correlacionó positivamente con la frecuencia cardiaca (FC) inicial (p&lt;0,05) y las participantes más activas mostraron una mayor disminución de la frecuencia cardiaca y de la presión arterial diastólica al perder un promedio de 7.6 kg de peso corporal tras la intervención. La pérdida de peso y la actividad física habitual participan directamente en la disminución significativa de la frecuencia cardiaca en reposo y de la presión arterial reduciendo el riesgo cardiovascular asociado a la obesidad.Palabras clave: obesidad, actividad física, pérdida de peso, presión arterial, frecuencia cardiaca, resistencia a la insulina.obesity, physical in activity, weight loss, blood pressure, heart rate, insulin resistance

Obesity risk is associated with carbohydrate intake in women carrying the Gln27Glu beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphism.

Interindividual differences in the response to dietary intake are, in some cases, genotype dependent. Moreover, genotype-environment interactions may appear when the impact of lifestyle factors (e.g., diet) on a phenotype (e.g., BMI > 30 kg/m2) differs by genotype. A case-control study (obese subjects vs. normal weight controls) was conducted to assess a possible effect modification on obesity risk of the Gln27Glu polymorphism for the ß2-adrenoceptor gene depending on dietary intake. The sample included 159 subjects with BMI > 30 kg/m2 and 154 controls with BMI 49% energy (E)] had a higher obesity risk (OR = 2.56, P = 0.051). The product-term introduced in the logistic model to assess effect modification revealed a marginally significant interaction (P = 0.058) between both factors. Furthermore, a high intake of CHO (E > 49%) was associated with higher insulin levels among women carrying the Gln27Glu polymorphism (P < 0.01). This gene-nutrient interaction emphasizes the importance of examining the outcome of some obesity-related mutations depending on lifestyle (including diet) and may explain the heterogeneity of findings from previous studies

Urticarial lesions in a pregnant woman

No abstract available</p

Urticarial lesions in a pregnant woman

No abstract available</p