From the invalidity of a General Classification Theory to a new organization of knowledge for the millennium to come

Proceedings der 10. Tagung der Deutschen Sektion der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Wissensorganisation. Wien, 3-5 Juli 2006The idea of organizing knowledge and the determinism in classifícation structures implicitly involve certain limits which are translated into a General Theory on the Classifícation of Knowledge, given that classifícation responds to specific parameters and structures more than to a theoretical concept. The classifícation of things is a refiection of their classifícation by man, and this is what determines classifícation structures. The classifícation and organization of knowledge are presented to us as an artificial construct or as a useful fiction elaborated by man. Positivist knowledge reached its peak in the 20* century when science classifications and implemented classifícation systems based on the latter were to be gestated and Consolidated. Pragmatism was to serve as the epistemological and theoretical basis for science and its classifícation. If the classifícation of the sciences has given rise to clastification systems, the organisation and representation of knowledge has to currendy give rise to the context of the globalisation of electronic information in the hypertextual organisational form of electronic information where, if in information the médium ivas the message, in organisation the médium is the structure. The virtual reality of electronic information delves even deeper into it; the process is completed as the subject attempts to look for information. This information market needs standards of an international nature for documents and data. This body of information organization will be characterized by its dynamic nature. If formal and material structures change our concept of knowledge and the way it is structured, then this organization will undergo dynamic change along with the material and formal structures of the real world. The semantic web is a qualitative leap which can be glimpsed on tiie new knowledge horizon; the latter would be shaped with the full integration of contents and data, the language itself would include data and its rules of reason or representation system. The new organisation of knowledge points to a totally nCw conception; post-modern epistemology has yet to be articulated. In the 21 st century, the organization of electronic information is presenting a novel hypertextual, non-linear architecture that will lead to a new change in the paradigm for organization of knowledge for the mülennium to come.Publicad

Interoperability between classification systems using metadata

The First on-Line conference on Metadata and Semantics Research Conference (MTSR'05): Approaches to advanced information systems, 21-30 November 2005Metadata are structures which catalogue, classify, describe and articulate electronic information. The Subject element of Dublin Core is used for c1assification systems and subject headings. There are five ways of applying semantic interoperability: interoperability between controlled vocabularies in the same language; between controlled vocabularies in different languages and classification systems; between subject headings and c1assification systems; between c1assification systems; and between languages. The relations between diverse types of standards or systems present diverse difficulties. The electronic information container, which is Internet, guarantees the trend to try and achieve the interoperability of content analysis, whether it be between c1assification systems, or subject headings. The organisation of information in a physical format has transferred its organisational forms to the structuring of electronic information. The digital formal transforms the organisational form itself. If, in information the message is the medium, in organisation the structure is the medium.Publicad

UPM-UC3M system for music and speech segmentation

This paper describes the UPM-UC3M system for the Albayzín evaluation 2010 on Audio Segmentation. This evaluation task consists of segmenting a broadcast news audio document into clean speech, music, speech with noise in background and speech with music in background. The UPM-UC3M system is based on Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), including a 3-state HMM for every acoustic class. The number of states and the number of Gaussian per state have been tuned for this evaluation. The main analysis during system development has been focused on feature selection. Also, two different architectures have been tested: the first one corresponds to an one-step system whereas the second one is a hierarchical system in which different features have been used for segmenting the different audio classes. For both systems, we have considered long term statistics of MFCC (Mel Frequency Ceptral Coefficients), spectral entropy and CHROMA coefficients. For the best configuration of the one-step system, we have obtained a 25.3% average error rate and 18.7% diarization error (using the NIST tool) and a 23.9% average error rate and 17.9% diarization error for the hierarchical one

Strengthening financial innovations in energy supply projects for rural exploitations in developing countries

Sustainable energy supply models are needed to achieve the Millennium Development Goals established by the United Nations for 2015. On the other hand, sustainability of agricultural exploitations in rural areas is a pre-requisite to achieve the objective of halving the proportion of people that lives in poverty, and productivity of such exploitations is closely related to energy supply. This article analyses the results of a survey of experts, suggesting that there may be good chances to innovate in the financing of agricultural electrification projects in developing countries. The experts’ opinion suggests that new sources of financing could be mobilised and oriented towards the promotion of sustainable initiatives in developing countries. Financial mechanisms should be adapted to the characteristics of decentralised systems of energy production with renewable sources or with mixed technologies, in order to overcome the barriers derived from the high initial price of the applications, and to the specific conditions of the agricultural sector. The participation of funds from the beneficiaries and the incorporation of the beneficiaries in the initial phases of project organisation would allow for the development of productive solutions with a higher potential to generate resources and to articulate sustainable proposals. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Evitar la merma en la formulación el conocimiento: aportación de Sonia Muñoz-Alonso

Sin resume

Human capital and other determinants in the life cycle of the price of a slave: The case of spanish america in the eighteenth century

This paper analizes the determinants of the price life cicle of a slave, dealing particularly with the impact of the human capital, both with respect to skills and health. The paper details the source of the sample -including more than two thousand Spanish American Slaves of the 18th Century-and discusses its reliability, moving on to a descriptive analysis in the geographic and historical context. Later on it looks at the factors influencing price in several types of economic activity, and ends by comparing the conclusions with those obtained in other studies

Design of pixel-level ADCs for energy-sensitive hybrid pixel detectors

Single-photon counting hybrid pixel detectors have shown\ud to be a valid alternative to other types of X-ray imaging\ud devices due to their high sensitivity, low noise, linear behavior\ud and wide dynamic range. One important advantage of these\ud devices is the fact that detector and readout electronics are\ud manufactured separately. This allows the use of industrial\ud state-of-the-art CMOS processes to make the readout\ud electronics, combined with a free choice of detector material\ud (high resistivity Silicon, GaAs or other). By measuring not\ud only the number of X-ray photons but also their energies (or\ud wavelengths), the information content of the image increases,\ud given the same X-ray dose. We have studied several\ud possibilities of adding energy sensitivity to the single photon\ud counting capability of hybrid pixel detectors, by means of\ud pixel-level analog-to-digital converters. We show the results of\ud simulating different kinds of analog-to-digital converters in\ud terms of power, area and speed

The effect of globalization on the organization of knowledge

Proceedings of: 9th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics: WMSCI 2005, july 10 - 13, 2005, Orlando, Florida, USAThe globalization of electronic information does not seek out a more democratic and egalitarian society. Information is articulated within a set of gears that entail the social exclusion of those who lack electronic information. Different ways of accessing electronic information also create specific and different forms of development among different countries. There are established and implanted historical ways of organizing, and now technology can be used as a way to subjugate or emancipate. The technological present restricts thought, whereas the dominant ideology imposes a certain form of organization. This is why it is necessary to subvert this trend through different logical-semantic and ethical-political tools. The complex network of knowledge, symbolic representations, cultural networks of knowledge and symbolism make up the backbone of this integrated instrumentalization of our knowledge. Traditional classifications of knowledge are limited like Western epistemology, given that the demarcationism which makes them up exacerbates difference, because demarcating is a form of recognition and representation of classifying structures, which wall off, delimit and fortify. However, as with any form of power, there are no discourses without counter-discourses, so a deconstruction of this demarcationism is indispensable. Classification is performed by creating always invented borders with separating objectives, and the scientific policy of memory and the organization of knowledge is based on dominant ideas. Knowledge is reduced to a structured, hierarchical wisdom which, however, takes on the appearance of including others. Coherence of meaning is sought out. All cultures are organized around a closed discourse constructed using explicative fragments. Power sets up the symbolic order, and symbols are established as self-defense mechanisms for meaning. Labeling the real is carried out from a perspective of coherence. Naming and conceptualizing means classifying. Reality is a reproduction of meaning, and there is no reality outside of the conscience, which is why the reality which has not been named is intact. As for the Organization of knowledge, reality is equivalent to representation, or in other words, there is no other reality than the one which is represented. In this way, everything that has not fit into the electronic context is gradually left out of reality. The idea is to reduce the plurality of the real to the unit, by way of concepts or ideas, and the process is completed in the opposite direction when attempting to re-construct or recover reality. The nullification of plurality is thereby made complete. Moreover, identitybased multi-culturalism attempts to construct otherness on the basis of self. Culture lies in how things are ordered. Demarcating means building imaginary barriers, but there may also be transversal languages for communication, all within the context of the community of meaning. The human mind processes things using programmed mechanisms, in a programming which may be referred to as Theory, Culture or Religion. Meaning is shared within a delimited conceptual framework. Within one specific community, it need not be inter-culturally shared, and therefore it lacks shared trans-cultural categories. However, subverting this order would be an act of rebellion against meaning and its mindset. The Revolution of Lights, otherwise known as the Enlightenment or Modernity, made a commitment to reason as the most powerful tool for facing the darkness of the Middle Ages, and it also proposed alphabetical organization to create order for knowledge in the Encyclopedia. For the construction of electronic knowledge, it will be necessary to crate a more humane rationale and ethics, which must include many other perspectives and even that which they forget. Therefore, a new way of organizing knowledge is necessary. Within the methodology that sets up the Organization and representation of knowledge, classification is the most perishable, even more so that interpretation. Deconstruction implies thinking about de-classification, or in other words, the search for other organizational orders in the universe of knowledge. The tree as an organizational structure conveys power structures, and conveys an order of a chaos, like the claim that says the chaos that order imposes upon us. In the origin of language lies an externalization of power. On the basis of this pathos of distance is built the right to create values and establish rules. In all, the theory of classifying knowledge implies that all classification is based on an ethics or set of values. And the very gestation of language, of the hierarchy and classification, may lie within the struggle for primitive forms of control or imposition. It is within these parameters that knowledge organization Systems have been created.Publicad

Clasificación automática mediante la CDU con el procedimiento en cadena

Actas de las I Jornadas de Tratamiento y Recuperación de Información (JOTRI), Valencia, España, 4-5 julio 2002Se entiende por clasificación automática el proceso de agrupar según el contenido las referencias de los documentos o bien los propios documentos electróneos. Este proceso se realiza mediante programas capaces de comparar términos empleados utilizados en el documento. E incluso hay otras formas automáticas de clasificación que emplean procedimientos automáticos para generar clases de documentos También existen los sistemas automáticos de que extraen términos de indización, sin embargo la clasificación automática empleando sistemas de clasificación va a resultar mas compleja. Con el fin de clasificar automáticamente usando sistemas de clasificación como la CDU es imprescindible un índice alfabético de materias y términos del lenguaje natural asociados a cada notación de la CDU, de forma tal que todas las notaciones tendrían vinculadas términos del lenguaje natural y encabezamientos de materias. Este método empleado para la clasificación automática es el procedimiento de cadena ideado por Ranganathan. El procedimiento en cadena supone la construcción de encabezamientos alfabéticos y términos del lenguaje natural, asociados a una Clasificación sistemática de estructura jerárquica y con notación preferentemente numérica. La clasificación automática mediante el procedimiento en cadena supone el proceso donde de los términos alfabéticos asociados a un documento obtendríamos, de forma automática, la asignación de su notación correspondiente y también el proceso inverso. El sistema de clasificación que mas se ha aplicado a esta forma de clasificación automática es la Clasificación Decimal de Dewey electrónica la 21a ed. que incluye asociados encabezamientos de materia (LCSH) con los números clasifícatenos. Sistemas de clasificación muy relevantes, como la CDU, carecen de la edición electrónica de sus tablas con el procedimiento en cadena. Sin embargo ya hay varios ejemplos prácticos de clasificación automática empleando la Clasificación Decimal Universal y además se emplea para la clasificación automática de los recursos de Internet, se trata de sistemas de indización y clasificación automáticos para Internet que permiten la búsqueda y la navegación integradas, y contienen términos de índice, adjuntos a números de clasificación, en alemán, inglés y francés. Un hecho muy importante para este desarrollo de la CDU es el elemento del Dublin Core titulado Materia, que sugiere la utilización, de forma conjunta, de encabezamientos de materias y sistemas de clasificación y ha incluido la Clasificación Decimal Universal. Así un instrumento clásico como la CDU se presenta como un novedoso instrumento para la clasificación y organización de la información electrónica.Publicad

Defensa del derecho a la lectura para pacientes

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