19,313 research outputs found
Recursive Neural Networks Can Learn Logical Semantics
Tree-structured recursive neural networks (TreeRNNs) for sentence meaning
have been successful for many applications, but it remains an open question
whether the fixed-length representations that they learn can support tasks as
demanding as logical deduction. We pursue this question by evaluating whether
two such models---plain TreeRNNs and tree-structured neural tensor networks
(TreeRNTNs)---can correctly learn to identify logical relationships such as
entailment and contradiction using these representations. In our first set of
experiments, we generate artificial data from a logical grammar and use it to
evaluate the models' ability to learn to handle basic relational reasoning,
recursive structures, and quantification. We then evaluate the models on the
more natural SICK challenge data. Both models perform competitively on the SICK
data and generalize well in all three experiments on simulated data, suggesting
that they can learn suitable representations for logical inference in natural
language
Examining collusion and voting biases between countries during the Eurovision song contest since 1957
The Eurovision Song Contest (ESC) is an annual event which attracts millions
of viewers. It is an interesting activity to examine since the participants of
the competition represent a particular country's musical performance that will
be awarded a set of scores from other participating countries based upon a
quality assessment of a performance. There is a question of whether the
countries will vote exclusively according to the artistic merit of the song, or
if the vote will be a public signal of national support for another country.
Since the competition aims to bring people together, any consistent biases in
the awarding of scores would defeat the purpose of the celebration of
expression and this has attracted researchers to investigate the supporting
evidence for biases. This paper builds upon an approach which produces a set of
random samples from an unbiased distribution of score allocation, and extends
the methodology to use the full set of years of the competition's life span
which has seen fundamental changes to the voting schemes adopted.
By building up networks from statistically significant edge sets of vote
allocations during a set of years, the results display a plausible network for
the origins of the culture anchors for the preferences of the awarded votes.
With 60 years of data, the results support the hypothesis of regional collusion
and biases arising from proximity, culture and other irrelevant factors in
regards to the music which that alone is intended to affect the judgment of the
contest.Comment: to be published in JASS
Relativistic magnetohydrodynamics in one dimension
We derive a number of solution for one-dimensional dynamics of relativistic
magnetized plasma that can be used as benchmark estimates in relativistic
hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic numerical codes.
First, we analyze the properties of simple waves of fast modes propagating
orthogonally to the magnetic field in relativistically hot plasma. The magnetic
and kinetic pressures obey different equations of state, so that the system
behaves as a mixture of gases with different polytropic indices. We find the
self-similar solutions for the expansion of hot strongly magnetized plasma into
vacuum.
Second, we derive linear hodograph and Darboux equations for the relativistic
Khalatnikov potential, which describe arbitrary one-dimensional isentropic
relativistic motion of cold magnetized plasma and find their general and
particular solutions. The obtained hodograph and Darboux equations are very
powerful: system of highly non-linear, relativistic, time dependent equations
describing arbitrary (not necessarily self-similar) dynamics of highly
magnetized plasma reduces to a single linear differential equation.Comment: accepted by Phys. Rev.
A large annotated corpus for learning natural language inference
Understanding entailment and contradiction is fundamental to understanding
natural language, and inference about entailment and contradiction is a
valuable testing ground for the development of semantic representations.
However, machine learning research in this area has been dramatically limited
by the lack of large-scale resources. To address this, we introduce the
Stanford Natural Language Inference corpus, a new, freely available collection
of labeled sentence pairs, written by humans doing a novel grounded task based
on image captioning. At 570K pairs, it is two orders of magnitude larger than
all other resources of its type. This increase in scale allows lexicalized
classifiers to outperform some sophisticated existing entailment models, and it
allows a neural network-based model to perform competitively on natural
language inference benchmarks for the first time.Comment: To appear at EMNLP 2015. The data will be posted shortly before the
conference (the week of 14 Sep) at http://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/snli
The pulsar spectral index distribution
The flux density spectra of radio pulsars are known to be steep and, to first
order, described by a power-law relationship of the form S_{\nu} \propto
\nu^{\alpha}, where S_{\nu} is the flux density at some frequency \nu and
\alpha is the spectral index. Although measurements of \alpha have been made
over the years for several hundred pulsars, a study of the intrinsic
distribution of pulsar spectra has not been carried out. From the result of
pulsar surveys carried out at three different radio frequencies, we use
population synthesis techniques and a likelihood analysis to deduce what
underlying spectral index distribution is required to replicate the results of
these surveys. We find that in general the results of the surveys can be
modelled by a Gaussian distribution of spectral indices with a mean of -1.4 and
unit standard deviation. We also consider the impact of the so-called
"Gigahertz-peaked spectrum" pulsars. The fraction of peaked spectrum sources in
the population with significant turn-over at low frequencies appears to be at
most 10%. We demonstrate that high-frequency (>2 GHz) surveys preferentially
select flatter-spectrum pulsars and the converse is true for lower-frequency
(<1 GHz) surveys. This implies that any correlations between \alpha and other
pulsar parameters (for example age or magnetic field) need to carefully account
for selection biases in pulsar surveys. We also expect that many known pulsars
which have been detected at high frequencies will have shallow, or positive,
spectral indices. The majority of pulsars do not have recorded flux density
measurements over a wide frequency range, making it impossible to constrain
their spectral shapes. We also suggest that such measurements would allow an
improved description of any populations of pulsars with 'non-standard' spectra.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by MNRA
Beam alignment techniques based on the current multiplication effect in photoconductors First phase technical summary report
Current multiplication effects in cadmium sulfide photoconductive cell
High-Energy theory for close Randall Sundrum branes
We obtain an effective theory for the radion dynamics of the two-brane
Randall Sundrum model, correct to all orders in brane velocity in the limit of
close separation, which is of interest for studying brane collisions and early
Universe cosmology. Obtained via a recursive solution of the Bulk equation of
motions, the resulting theory represents a simple extension of the
corresponding low-energy effective theory to the high energy regime. The
four-dimensional low-energy theory is indeed not valid when corrections at
second order in velocity are considered. This extension has the remarkable
property of including only second derivatives and powers of first order
derivatives. This important feature makes the theory particularly easy to
solve. We then extend the theory by introducing a potential and detuning the
branes.Comment: Version published in the Physical Review
Micropattern traction microscopy: a technique for the simplification of cellular traction force measurements
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston UniversityCells respond to a number of cues that affect how they interact with their surrounding environment, such as topology, the presentation of adhesive ligands, and stiffness. Recent advancements in the field ofmechanobiology have revealed that one of the main ways in which cells sense these cues is through contractile forces. Mechanobiology research seeks to understand how environmental cues affect the forces that cells exert on their surronnding environment and how these mechanical forces are communicated to the cell and transformed into biochemical signals. Therefore, quantitative methods have been developed to determine cell contractility on soft, optically transparent, deformable surfaces by quantifying substrate deformation in terms of cellular traction forces. However, the currently available tools that are used to study cell interactions are limited in their applicability due to the need for specialized technical expertise that is not amenable to the widespread adaptation of these techniques. Therefore, we have sought to develop a novel traction force microscopy technique known as micropattem traction microscopy. With this technique, we hope to greatly simplify the current traction force microscopy techniques and provide a method which will be able to be adopted by a wide range of laboratories.
This dissertation describes the process ofthe development and application of this novel traction force technique to probe questions in mechanobiology that have not been previously broached due to the lack of appropriate tools. The technique itself uses
indirect microcontact printing to create a regularized array of fluorescent protein onto a glass substrate, which is then transferred to an optically transparent, soft, elastic polyacrylamide hydrogel. Cells, limited by their ability to adhere only to patterned regions, will deform the pattern at these defined points. Thus, with knowledge of the bulk elastic properties ofthe substrate and a priori knowledge of the pattern, we are able to quantify the force a cell is exerting without its removal. We also developed and released a robust, automated MATLAB program that will aid users in the calculation of traction forces so that people with limited experience with programming can utilize the program without significant investments into training. This indirect approach allows for not only individual proteins, but also for multiple, spatially distinct, fluorescent proteins such as fibronectin and gelatin to be simultaneously patterned onto this surface as well. The ability to pattern multiple proteins in a spatially defmed region significantly aids in giving users control over as many parameters as possible. Finally, we will explore the current and future potential that this technique has to offer to researchers in the field of mechanobiology
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