2 nd Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease, 2015

Abstract Chagas disease is a neglected chronic condition with a high burden of morbidity and mortality. It has considerable psychological, social, and economic impacts. The disease represents a significant public health issue in Brazil, with different regional patterns. This document presents the evidence that resulted in the Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease. The objective was to review and standardize strategies for diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of Chagas disease in the country, based on the available scientific evidence. The consensus is based on the articulation and strategic contribution of renowned Brazilian experts with knowledge and experience on various aspects of the disease. It is the result of a close collaboration between the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine and the Ministry of Health. It is hoped that this document will strengthen the development of integrated actions against Chagas disease in the country, focusing on epidemiology, management, comprehensive care (including families and communities), communication, information, education, and research

Nutritional characterization of silage coproduct from the extraction of the Bactris gasipaes

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição química, o perfil fermentativo e os parâmetros da degradação da fibra em detergente neutro de três tipos de silagem do coproduto de extração do palmito pupunha (Bactris gasipaes). Foram avaliadas as silagens de folha, bainha foliar e composta (55% de folha e 45% de bainha foliar). O coproduto foi acondicionado em silos experimentais, e após quarenta dias de fermentação os silos foram abertos e coletadas amostras das silagens para a determinação dos teores de matéria seca (MS), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), proteína bruta (PB), cinzas, cálcio, fósforo, pH, nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) e ácidos graxos voláteis. Para a determinação dos parâmetros de degradação da FDN, foram avaliadas, além dos três tipos de silagem, as silagens de cana e milho. As amostras foram avaliadas nos tempos de 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 e 96 horas. Durante o processo de hidratação, foi coletado líquido ruminal proveniente de um bovino doador, fistulado no rúmen, mantido nas proximidades da sala de incubação. Houve diferença (P<0,05) no teor de matéria seca entre os três tipos de silagem, o mesmo aconteceu com a proteína bruta, FDAcp, FDAcp e lignina. A silagem de folhas apresentou a maior taxa de degradação fracional da FDN, entre as silagens do coproduto, ao longo das 96 horas de incubação, assim como a maior fração potencialmente degradável da FDN, mesmo assim ficando bem abaixo da silagem de milho. A silagem de bainha foliar foi a que apresentou a maior fração indegradável da FDN e também a menor taxa de degradação fracional. A silagem de folhas foi a que apresentou melhores características de composição química, perfil de fermentação e aproveitamento da FDN no ambiente ruminal, mostrando-se um alimento promissor na alimentação de ruminantes. A silagem composta, apesar de menor qualidade, apresenta vantagem de utilizar todo o resíduo da produção, diminuindo os problemas ambientais.The objective was to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation characteristics and parameters of the degradation of neutral detergent fiber of three types of silage co product from the extracting of the Bactris gasipaes. Were evaluated the leaf silage, composed silage (55% of leaf and 45% of sheath) and the sheath silage. Co product was put into experimental silos, and after forty days of fermentation the mini silos were opened and silage samples collected for determination of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber ( ADF), crude protein (CP), ash, calcium, phosphorus, pH, ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) and volatile fatty acids. In addition to the three types of silage, corn silage and sugar cane silage were evaluated to determine the parameters of NDF degradation. The samples were evaluated at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 hours. During the hydration process, rumen fluid was collected from a donor bovine, rumen fistulated, kept close to the incubation room. There were differences in dry matter content among the three types of silage, the same happened with the crude protein, NDFcp, ADFcp and lignin. Leaf silage showed the highest fractional degradation rate of NDF among co product silages over 96 hours of incubation, as well as the highest fraction potentially degradable NDF, however, still remaining below the corn silage. The sheath silage had the highest NDF undegradable fraction and also the lowest fraction degradation rate. The leaf silage showed the best characteristics of chemical composition, fermentation profile and recovery of the NDF in the rumen environment, proving to be a promising food in ruminant feed. The composed silage, although a lesser quality, has the advantage of using all the waste production, reducing environmental problems

Litter Decomposition of Two Pioneer Tree Species and Associated Soil Fauna in Areas Reclaimed after Surface Coal Mining in Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT Decomposition of leaf litter from pioneer tree species and development of associated soil meso- and macrofauna are fundamental for rehabilitation processes in reclaimed coal mining areas. The aim of our study was to evaluate decomposition of Schinus terebinthifolius and Senna multijuga to answer three basic questions: (i) What type of leaf litter degrades faster in reclaimed coal min\ing areas? (ii) Is leaf decomposition correlated with the stage of regeneration and exposure time? and (iii) Does the type of leaf litter influence the diversity and abundance of the soil meso- and macrofauna species collected? Experiments were carried out in the state of Santa Catarina in three areas at different stages of regeneration. A total of 32 litter bags (16 per plant species) were used per study site, and they were divided into four blocks along a transect. Sampling was carried out at 15, 30, 60, and 120 days, when one litter bag per species/block was removed at random. We found no statistically significant difference between S. terebinthifolius and S. multijuga in regard to leaf-litter decomposition rate. However, the “area”, “litter bag exposure time” and “fauna richness” factors were significant. Therefore, shading and time of reclamation of areas contribute to an increase in decomposition rate and in development of soil meso- and macrofauna communities

Efficacy of a Fungal Formulation with the Nematophagous Fungus <i>Pochonia chlamydosporia</i> in the Biological Control of Bovine Nematodiosis

In the control of bovine worms, biological control by nematophagous fungi stands out, especially Pochoniachlamydosporia which causes the destruction of helminth eggs. This study aims to test the effectiveness of a formulation containing the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia isolated for the biological control of bovine nematodiosis. Twelve cattle were divided into two groups: control group (GC) and the group that received the formulation (GT). Feces and pasture samples were collected for the research of gastrointestinal nematodes. Lung worms and trematodes were investigated. The animals were weighed monthly. The averages of temperature and rainfall were recorded. The supply of the fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia was not effective in reducing the eggs per gram of feces of gastrointestinal nematodes (EPG) of the animals, not differing statistically (p > 0.05) between the groups. The mean values of larvae recovered in the pasture did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). The genus Haemonchus sp. was the most prevalent. There was no correlation between the number of larvae with temperature and rainfall (p > 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference (p Pochonia chlamydosporia was not efficient in the biological control of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes

Using the fungus Arthrobotrys cladodes var. macroides as a sustainable strategy to reduce numbers of infective larvae of bovine gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes

Research in the area of sanitation in ruminant production has focused on discovery of potential agents for biological control of helminths with nematophagous fungi and has provided evidence of success. The antagonistic potential of the fungus Arthrobotrys cladodes var. macroides on infective larvae of bovine gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, an in vivo test of the resistance to digestive processes and viability of the fungus was carried out using a formulation based on sodium alginate administered orally in cattle. Production of conidia and chlamydospores was high. In in vitro tests, the number of infective nematode larvae was reduced 68.7% by the fungus in the treated group compared to the control group. The interaction between the fungus and the nematodes was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Plates containing fecal samples collected after oral administration of 100 g of pellets containing the A. cladodes fungus showed that the fungus survived passage through the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants, grew on agar, formed traps and preyed on L3 larvae of gastrointestinal parasites. The results of the present study provide a new opportunity for alternative, environmentally safe control of ruminant nematodes

Reduction of bovine strongilides in naturally contaminated pastures in the southeast region of Brazil

Biological control through the use of nematophagous fungi is a sustainable alternative for combatting helminthes in domestic animals and allows a reduction in the use of anthelmintics. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of the Arthrobotrys cladodes var macroides fungus in a pelleted formulation, based on sodium alginate and administered twice a week orally, as an alternative for the biological control of nematodes in field-grown young cattle. The experiment was conducted in a farm located in the municipality of Viçosa, MG, where 12 cattle, seven to nine months old, were allocated in two groups (treated group and control group) and distributed in pickets of Brachiaria decumbens, naturally infested with nematode larvae. The animals in the treated group received 1g of sodium alginate matrix pellets for every 10 kg of animal live weight, containing the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys cladodes var macroides and administered twice a week in conjunction with commercial feed. In the control group, each animal received 1 g of pellets for every 10 kg of animal live weight, without fungal mycelium added to the feed. Samples of feces and pastures were collected fortnightly for 12 months. The results showed that the most prevalent nematode genera in the coprocultures were Haemonchus sp., Cooperia sp. and Oesophagostomum sp., reflecting the results found in forage. The pasture that contained the animals that received feed with the fungus presented a reduction of 59% and 52% of larvae recovered at distances of 20 cm and 40 cm from the fecal pats, respectively. The mean number of eggs per gram of feces each month and animal body weight did not differ (p > 0.05) between the treated and control groups. Stool and soil samples from both groups were colonized by A. cladodes fungus and other fungi. Administration of Arthrobotrys cladodes var macroides mycelium by means of a sodium alginate matrix twice weekly reduced larval infestation of the surrounding pasture, indicating that this fungus may be a promising biological control of infecting forms of nematodes present in the environment

Larva de mosca doméstica como alternativa na alimentação de lambari bocarra ( Oligusarcus argenteus )

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the lambari's performance ( Oligusarcus argenteus ) using fly worms ( Musca domesticus ) as a feeding source in substitution to ration. Six hundred fingerlings of lambari bocarra were used with initial mean weight of 0.88 ± 0.14 g and an average length of 3.62 ± 0.30 cm. A complete randomized experimental design was used with five treatments, T1: 100% of ration, T2: 25% of fly worms and 75% of ration, T3: 50% of fly worms and 50% of ration, T4: 75% of fly worms and 25% of ration, and T5; 100% of fly worms with four repetitions and 30 fingerlings in each aquarium. Fingerlings were kept in an aquarium of 1.000 L volume. T1 treatment showed no significant differences (P>0.05) for final weight, weight gain, daily weight gain, and total length compared to the other treatments, obtaining the worst results. For the standard length, treatments T2, T3, and T5 obtained the best results (P0.05) for specific growth rate for all treatments. For the carcass yield the best results were observed in treatments T2 and T4. Treatment T1 obtained the worst result for viscer somatic index (P<0.05). For the production of lambari, it could be used 75% of fly worms instead of 32% PB ration, which provides better results for carcass yield. For final weight, weight gain, daily weight gain and total length it could be used up to 100% of fly worms in substitution to 32% crude protein ration.Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o desempenho do lambari bocarra ( Oligusarcus argenteus ) utilizando larva de mosca ( Musca domesticus ) como alimento em substituição à ração. Foram utilizados 600 alevinos de lambari bocarra com peso inicial de 0,88 ± 0,14 g e comprimento médio de 3,62 ± 0,30 cm em um experimento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos, T1: 100% de ração, T2: 25% larva + 75% ração, T3: 50% larva + 50% ração, T4: 75% larva + 25% ração e T5: 100% larva, com 4 repetições e 30 alevinos por caixa com capacidade para 1.000 L. O tratamento T1 não apresentou diferenças significativa (P>0,05) para peso final, ganho de peso, ganho de peso diário e comprimento total entre os demais, obtendo os piores resultados. Para o comprimento padrão os tratamentos T2, T3 e T5 obtiveram resultados superiores (P<0,05). Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) na taxa de crescimento específico para todos os tratamentos. Para o rendimento de carcaça os melhores resultados foram obtidos nos tratamentos T2 e T4. O tratamento T1 obteve o pior resultado para o índice vicero somático (P<0,05), devido ao baixo conteúdo de gordura visceral. Para a produção de lambari, pode-se utilizar 75% de larva em substituição a ração de 32% PB, proporcionando melhor desempenho em relação ao rendimento de carcaça. Já para peso final, ganho de peso, ganho de peso diário e comprimento total pode-se utilizar até 100% de larva de mosca em substituição a ração de 32% proteína bruta

Substituição do resíduo da produção de palmito da Palmeira Real Australiana (Archontophoenix alexandrae) na silagem de cana-de-açúcar em dietas de ovinos

Objetivou-se avaliar a composi&ccedil;&atilde;o qu&iacute;mica, consumo volunt&aacute;rio e digestibilidade aparente de dietas contendo res&iacute;duo oriundo da produ&ccedil;&atilde;o de palmito da palmeira Real Australiana (Archontophoenix alexandrae) em substitui&ccedil;&atilde;o &agrave; cana-de-a&ccedil;&uacute;carem ovinos. Foram utilizados 12 ovinos com peso vivo m&eacute;dio de 23,3 &plusmn; 2,8 kg, mantidos em gaiolas metab&oacute;licas distribu&iacute;dos em seis quadrados latinos 2x2 implementado em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (tr&ecirc;s tipos de res&iacute;duo &ndash; folha, bainha e composta - e dois n&iacute;veis de substitui&ccedil;&atilde;o do res&iacute;duo, 5% e 15%). Verificou-se maior consumo de mat&eacute;ria seca (MS), mat&eacute;ria org&acirc;nica (MO), carboidratos n&atilde;o fibrosos (CNF) na substitui&ccedil;&atilde;o pelo res&iacute;duo composta. Os valores m&eacute;dios de digestibilidade aparente da MS, MO, Prote&iacute;na bruta (PB), fibra insol&uacute;vel em detergente neutro corrigido para cinzas e prote&iacute;na(FDNcp) e n&iacute;vel diet&eacute;tico de NDT foram maiores para o res&iacute;duo folha. Constatou-se efeito de intera&ccedil;&atilde;o entre res&iacute;duo e o n&iacute;vel de substitui&ccedil;&atilde;o sobre as excre&ccedil;&otilde;es urin&aacute;rias de nitrog&ecirc;nio total (EUN), balan&ccedil;o nitrogenado aparente (BNA) e compostos nitrogenados microbianos (NMIC). Res&iacute;duos da produ&ccedil;&atilde;o de palmito oriundos da palmeira Real Australiana podem ser utilizados como alimentos volumosos na dieta de animais ruminantes, sendo destes, o res&iacute;duo folha e composta os que apresentaram melhores respostas nas caracter&iacute;sticas avaliadas.The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, voluntary intake and apparent digestibility of the diets containing residue from palm heart of Australian Royal Palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae) to replace sugar cane on sheep. Twelve sheep were used with average live weight of 23,3 &plusmn; 2,8 Kg and they placed in metabolism cages and distributed in six latin square 2 x 2 in a factorial design 3 x 2 (three types of residue -sheet, bark and composed - and two levels of residue&rsquo;s replacement, 5% and 15%). It was observed higher intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC) by substitution of composed residue. The average values of apparent digestibility of DM, OM, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre correct for ash and protein (NDFap) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were higher for sheet residue. There was interaction between type of residue and level of residue&rsquo;s replacement on the urinary excretion of total nitrogen (NUE), apparent nitrogen balance (BNA) and microbial nitrogen compost (NMIC). Residues from palm heart of Australian Royal Palm can be used as roughage in the ruminants&rsquo;diet, and of these residues, the sheet and composed residue showed better response in the evaluated characteristics

Substituição do resíduo da produção de palmito da Palmeira Real Australiana (Archontophoenix alexandrae) na silagem de cana-de-açúcar em dietas de ovinos

Objetivou-se avaliar a composi&ccedil;&atilde;o qu&iacute;mica, consumo volunt&aacute;rio e digestibilidade aparente de dietas contendo res&iacute;duo oriundo da produ&ccedil;&atilde;o de palmito da palmeira Real Australiana (Archontophoenix alexandrae) em substitui&ccedil;&atilde;o &agrave; cana-de-a&ccedil;&uacute;carem ovinos. Foram utilizados 12 ovinos com peso vivo m&eacute;dio de 23,3 &plusmn; 2,8 kg, mantidos em gaiolas metab&oacute;licas distribu&iacute;dos em seis quadrados latinos 2x2 implementado em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (tr&ecirc;s tipos de res&iacute;duo &ndash; folha, bainha e composta - e dois n&iacute;veis de substitui&ccedil;&atilde;o do res&iacute;duo, 5% e 15%). Verificou-se maior consumo de mat&eacute;ria seca (MS), mat&eacute;ria org&acirc;nica (MO), carboidratos n&atilde;o fibrosos (CNF) na substitui&ccedil;&atilde;o pelo res&iacute;duo composta. Os valores m&eacute;dios de digestibilidade aparente da MS, MO, Prote&iacute;na bruta (PB), fibra insol&uacute;vel em detergente neutro corrigido para cinzas e prote&iacute;na(FDNcp) e n&iacute;vel diet&eacute;tico de NDT foram maiores para o res&iacute;duo folha. Constatou-se efeito de intera&ccedil;&atilde;o entre res&iacute;duo e o n&iacute;vel de substitui&ccedil;&atilde;o sobre as excre&ccedil;&otilde;es urin&aacute;rias de nitrog&ecirc;nio total (EUN), balan&ccedil;o nitrogenado aparente (BNA) e compostos nitrogenados microbianos (NMIC). Res&iacute;duos da produ&ccedil;&atilde;o de palmito oriundos da palmeira Real Australiana podem ser utilizados como alimentos volumosos na dieta de animais ruminantes, sendo destes, o res&iacute;duo folha e composta os que apresentaram melhores respostas nas caracter&iacute;sticas avaliadas.The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, voluntary intake and apparent digestibility of the diets containing residue from palm heart of Australian Royal Palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae) to replace sugar cane on sheep. Twelve sheep were used with average live weight of 23,3 &plusmn; 2,8 Kg and they placed in metabolism cages and distributed in six latin square 2 x 2 in a factorial design 3 x 2 (three types of residue -sheet, bark and composed - and two levels of residue&rsquo;s replacement, 5% and 15%). It was observed higher intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC) by substitution of composed residue. The average values of apparent digestibility of DM, OM, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre correct for ash and protein (NDFap) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were higher for sheet residue. There was interaction between type of residue and level of residue&rsquo;s replacement on the urinary excretion of total nitrogen (NUE), apparent nitrogen balance (BNA) and microbial nitrogen compost (NMIC). Residues from palm heart of Australian Royal Palm can be used as roughage in the ruminants&rsquo;diet, and of these residues, the sheet and composed residue showed better response in the evaluated characteristics

Influência do tempo de incubação e do tamanho de partículas sobre os teores de compostos indigestíveis em alimentos e fezes bovinas obtidos por procedimentos in situ Influence of incubation time and particles size on indigestible compounds contents in cattle feeds and feces obtained by in situ procedures

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência do tempo de incubação in situ e do tamanho de partículas sobre as estimativas das frações indigestíveis da matéria seca (MSi), da fibra em detergente neutro (FDNi) e da fibra em detergente ácido (FDAi) em alimentos e fezes bovinas. Avaliaram-se amostras de fubá de milho, casca de soja, farelo de trigo, farelo de soja, farelo de algodão, silagem de milho, capim-elefante, cana-de-açúcar, feno de capim-braquiária, palha de milho e fezes de bovinos alimentados com dietas com alto ou baixo nível de concentrado. As amostras foram processadas em moinho com peneiras de porosidade 1, 2 ou 3 mm e acondicionadas (20 mg MS/cm² de superfície) em sacos de tecido não-tecido (100 g/m²) de dimensão 4 &times; 5 cm. Os materiais foram divididos em três grupos, de modo que as amostras de cada grupo foram incubadas no rúmen de três novilhas mestiças (Holandês &times; Zebu). O procedimento de incubação foi repetido três vezes e, a cada período, procedeu-se à incubação dos grupos em animais distintos. Foram utilizados os tempos: 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216, 240 e 312 horas. Os teores de MSi, FDNi e FDAi foram avaliados seqüencialmente para interpretação dos perfis de degradação por modelo logístico não-linear. Não houve efeito do tamanho de partículas sobre as estimativas de FDNi e FDAi. Verificaram-se efeitos dos tamanhos de partículas sobre a velocidade de degradação da MS da silagem de milho e do fubá de milho, da FDN da cana-de-açúcar, da silagem de milho e da palha de milho e sobre a velocidade de degradação da FDA da cana-de-açúcar. Para esses alimentos, o tamanho de partícula associou-se positivamente ao tempo necessário para estimar a fração indigestível. Tempos de incubação de 240 horas para MS e FDN e de 264 horas para FDA são recomendados para obtenção de estimativas exatas das frações indigestíveis. O uso de partículas de 2 mm é recomendado por proporcionar maior precisão das estimativas.<br>The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of in situ incubation time and particles size on the estimates of indigestible fractions of dry matter (iDM), neutral detergent fiber (iNDF), and acid detergent fiber (iADF) in cattle feeds and feces. Samples of corn grain, wheat bran, corn silage, elephant grass, sugarcane, signal grass hay, corn straw, and feces obtained from cattle fed high and low concentrate diets were used. The samples were ground through 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm screen sieve and put in 4 &times; 5 cm non-woven textile bags (20 mg DM/cm&sup2; of surface). The samples were divided in three groups, being each group incubated in the rumen of a crossbred heifer. The incubation procedure was conducted three times with the change of groups among animals. The following incubation times were used: 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216, 240, and 312 hours. The contents of iDM, iNDF, and iADF were evaluated sequentially in each bag. The degradation profiles were interpreted by a non-linear logistic model. The particles size did not influence the estimates of iNDF and iADF. However, the particles size altered the rumen degradation dynamic rates of DM for corn silage and corn grain; of NDF for sugarcane, corn silage, and corn straw; and ADF for sugarcane. For those samples, the particle size has been positively associated with the incubation time necessary to estimate the indigestible fraction. Incubation times of 240 hours for DM and NDF, and 264 hours for ADF were suggested for obtaining more accurate estimates of indigestible fractions. The use of 2 mm particle size can increase the precision of estimates