In Vitro Anti Bacterial Potential of Different Extracts of Tagetes Erecta and Tagetes Patula

The antimicrobial activity of cold aqueous, hot aqueous and methanol extracts of Tagetes erecta and Tagetes patula flowers was evaluated by agar well diffusion method against ten different pathogenic species of Gram-negative bacteria viz.,  Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Aeromonas sobria, Aeromonas hydrophila, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, Salmonella enterica serotype Aboni and Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis, four different pathogenic species of Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus circulans and Staphylococcus aureus. Methanol extract of Tagetes erecta at 40 mg/ml concentration was found to have better inhibitory activity when compared to cold and hot aqueous extracts, which were evident through the increased zones of inhibition against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Methanol extract of Tagetes erecta showed highest inhibition zone of 26 mm against Aeromonas sorbia, Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC7405) and Staphylococcus aureus (clinical isolate), while lowest inhibition zone of 12 mm with Bacillus subtilis. Similarly, hot aqueous extracts of Tagetes patula had better activity as compare to cold aqueous extract and methanol extract at 40mg/ml concentration. It had highest and lowest zone of inhibition with Proteus vulgaris OX19 (30 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (clinical iolate) (13 mm) respectively. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were between concentrations of 20 - 160 mg/ml with aqueous or methanol extracts of Tagetes erecta and Tagetes patula flowers for most of the tested bacteria. Results of antimicrobial activity of extracts indicate that they possess potential broad spectrum antibacterial activity. Keywords: Tagetes flower extracts, antibacterial activit

Effects of Process Parameters on Electrical Discharge Machining Performance Measures on D3 Steel

One of the most significant factors to consider in the majority of manufacturing processes, particularly those involving Electrical Discharge Machining, is the proper selection of manufacturing conditions (EDM). It can machine geometrically complex or hard material components that are precise and difficult to machine, such as heat treated tool brass, copper, steels, composites, super alloys, ceramics, carbides, heat resistant steels, and so on. It is widely used in the die and mould making industries, aerospace, aeronautics, and nuclear industries. According to the literature review, some study has been done to determine the ideal levels of machining parameters that provide the greatest machining quality in the machining of difficult-to-machine materials such as hot die steel H-11 and D3 STEEL. H-11 hot die steel is widely utilised in hot-work forging, extrusion, punching tools, mandrels, mechanical press forging dies, plastic mould and die-casting dies, aviation landing gears, helicopter rotor blades and shafts, and other applications. A comparative examination of electro discharge machining (EDM) of D3 STEEL alloy employing brass electrodes was conducted as part of this project. Material removal rate (MRR) and overcut were used to evaluate the process' performance. During the testing, the pulse on time, pulse off time, and peak current were varied, and a brass electrode with a tubular cross section was used to cut through holes in a D3steel alloy workpiece. The machined surfaces were subjected to metallographic examination. To limit the overall number of tests, a well-designed experimental system was adopted. The whale's optimization algorithm was used for some of the experiment. The goal of this study was to look at the impact of various EDM process parameters on machining quality and to come up with the best set of process parameters to improve the quality of machined parts. The EDM process parameters' working ranges and levels are determined using a one-factor-at-a-time approach. The Taguchi technique was used to examine the effects of EDM process parameters and, as a result, forecast sets of ideal parameters for the best quality attributes. The empirical models for response characteristics were developed using response surface methodology (RSM) in conjunction with second order central composite rotatable design. Desirability functions were utilised to optimise multiple performance measurements at the same time. Confirmation experiments on the whale's optimization algorithm are also carried out to verify the results

Inside the plant: Bacterial endophytes and abiotic stress alleviation

Bacterial endophytes are the microbes internally associated with the plant, nourished in an isolated environment which is free from the external harsh and changeable ecological condition. They entered into the plant tissues and alleviate the biotic and abiotic stresses by producing numerous secondary metabolites. They are engaged with the de novo synthesis of structural compounds and stimulation of plant immunity. They are also involved in the process of exclusion of the pathogen by niche competition and actively take part in phenylpropanoid metabolism. Abiotic stresses in particular salinity problem, low pH, heavy metal toxicity and accumulation of recalcitrant complex compounds in the soil affecting the plant health are a major threat to the agriculture sector in crop production and stability of ecosystems. To cope with these problems agriculture productivity has been intensified by using synthetic chemicals and pesticides causes numerous problems worldwide. Endophytic bacteria are thus being utilized as a substitute to reduce the use of toxic chemicals and pesticides. They may be employed as a biological agent in the plant growth promotion and for the management of the global environment. There is a tremendous scope for the isolation and identification of new endophytic bacteria with excellent potential

Modern molecular physics

Participation in this module introduces the basic concepts of modern experiments in molecular physics. The students will acquire a detailed understanding of molecules and their interaction with external fields and other particles. The description of state-of-the-art experimental techniques is the focus of interest and it includes novel methods to bring large biomolecules into the gas phase. We will develop the skills to envision, plan, simulate, and eventually perform novel experiments in molecular physics to investigate the fundamental and applied aspects of molecular physics in quantum mechanics, chemistry, material science, and biology. Participants will be able to search for current (primary) literature to explore a new scientific field and to independently understand articles on the latest developments in molecular physics.Outline: • Introduction to modern physics experiments in molecular physics • Introduction to quantum mechanics for molecules • Interaction of classical light fields with molecules • Basics of molecular electronic structure • Basics of molecular rotational-vibrational dynamics • Control of molecular translational motion • Control and imaging of molecular rotations and vibrations • Sample delivery • Science at FELS and synchrotrons, diffractive imagin

Intuitionistic Type-2 Fuzzy Normed Linear Space and Some of Its Basic Properties

An intuitionistic fuzzy set is a more generalised tool than a fuzzy set for handling unpredictability as, in an intuitionistic fuzzy set, there is scope for considering a grade of non-membership, independent of the grade of membership, only satisfying the condition that their sum is less or equal to 1. The motivation of this paper is to introduce the notion of intuitionistic type-2 fuzzy normed linear space (IT2FNLS). Here, to each vector x, we assign two fuzzy real number valued grades, one for its norm and the other for the negation of its norm. A theorem of the decomposition of the intuitionistic type-2 fuzzy norm into a family of pairs of Felbin-type fuzzy norms is established. Also, we deal with Cauchyness and convergence of sequences in the IT2FNLS. Later on, in the finite-dimensional IT2FNLS, the completeness property and compactness property are explored. Finally, we define two types of intuitionistic type-2 fuzzy continuity and examine the relations between them

Supramolecular interactions in mononuclear iron(III) complex derived from a diamide ligand: Spectroscopic and electrochemical properties

478-483The diamide ligand, 2,6-bis[(N-phenyl)amido]-4-methylphenol (HL), has been used to synthesize a mononuclear iron(III) complex [Fe(L)3]·DMF and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV–vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and finally by X–ray crystallography. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the complex crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1(2) with a = 12.4923(15) Å, b= 13.5095(16), c = 19.296(2) Å, α = β = 86.451(2)°, γ = 66.5850(10)°, V = 2980.1(6) Å3 and Z = 2 with the central iron(III) ion in distorted octahedral geometry. The complex shows extensive intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding between each molecular units as well as solvent molecules giving rise to a two dimensional assembly. It also exhibits <span style="color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN">intermolecular π–π interaction between the aromatic rings with centroid distances of around 3.55 Å. In cyclic voltammetric studies, the iron(III) complex exhibits one quasi-reversible reduction at E1/2 = +0.046 V versus Ag/AgCl (ΔEp = 0.092 V) due to a metal-centreed FeIII/FeII reduction. </span