Imagerie multi-résolution par tomographie aux rayons X (application à la tomographie locale en science des matériaux)

L'objectif de cette thèse étudie puis d implémenter une méthode de reconstruction sur la tomographie aux rayons X qui permette de scanner des gros échantillons avec une bonne résolution qui permettrait de scanner l intérieur d un cylindre(tomographie locale) et caractériser des matériaux réels. Notre méthode peut être réalisé pour améliorer la quantitative et la qualitative d'image de fantôme. Dans cette thèse, cet méthode est utilisé sue les matériaux cellulaires. Nous avons réalisé des essais in situ en tomographie aux rayons X sur le mousse ERG et les sphères creuses. Un comparaison entre les résultats d Élément Finis et des essais réels montre le mécanisme d'endommagement de ces matériaux.The objective of this thesis studies to implement a method of reconstruction of the X-ray tomography that scanner a large samples with good resolution that would scan inside a cylinder (local tomography) and characterize reals materials. Our method can be done to improve the quantitative and qualitative picture of a ghost. In this thesis, this method is used sue the cellular materials. We conducted tests in situ X-ray tomography on the ERG foam and hollow spheres. A comparison between the results of Finite Element and live testing shows the damage mechanism of these materials.SAVOIE-SCD - Bib.électronique (730659901) / SudocGRENOBLE1/INP-Bib.électronique (384210012) / SudocGRENOBLE2/3-Bib.électronique (384219901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Estimation of the optimal parameters for K-edge subtraction imaging with PixiRad-2/PixieIII photon counting detector on a conventional laboratory X-ray micro-tomograph

Photon Counting Detectors (PCDs) open new opportunities in X-ray imaging. Pixie III is a PCD using simultaneously two energy thresholds. This enables to acquire images from two distinct energy bins in a single exposure. This is particularly suited to perform K-Edge Subtraction (KES) imaging with laboratory sources. In that context, one has however to deal with an energy bin optimization: narrow energy bins leads to high KES signal, at the expense of higher noise, while wider energy bins leads to poor KES signal but better statistics. This work presents a model that aims at finding the optimal thresholds and source voltage in order to retrieve the best Contrast to Noise Ratio (CNR) for a given sample. The model also optimizes the configurations for conventional absorption modality and compares both modalities. We noticed that the input flux and the energy difference between the thresholds influence the noise on image. We included this in the model using phenomenological laws. The model is then compared to empirical optimization by experimental screening of the parameters on model materials composed of barium, iodine and water. Finally, a study of the predicted CNRs has function of the sample composition is presented as an example of usage of the model

Microtomographie in situ appliquée à la déformation et la solidification d'alliages d'aluminium

La fissuration à chaud est un défaut majeur intervenant en fin de solidification d'alliages métalliques, lorsque le matériau est encore à l'état semi solide. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'apporter une contribution à la prévision de ce phénomène. Pour cela il est nécessaire de caractériser la déformabilité de la phase solide d'un matériau à l'état semi solide et d'apporter des informations au niveau local sur la microstructure lors de sa déformation (fractions de liquide et de pores, épaisseur de films de liquide, vitesses d'écoulement du liquide, indice de coalescence des pores...). Le comportement macroscopique de la phase solide sur la ligne de solidus a été déterminé et validé par des essais de compression à chaud. Cette loi de comportement a également été comparée avec plusieurs modèles analytiques. La différence de comportement mécanique entre une microstructure de composition homogène et une microstructure à gradient de composition a été mise en évidence. Des informations microscopiques en temps réel sur des échantillons à l'état semi solide soumis à un effort de traction ont été obtenues par microtomographie in situ standard en conditions isothermes et en solidification. Un modèle analytique prédictif de la fissuration à chaud a été modifié pour mieux rendre compte des valeurs expérimentales. Pour gagner en résolutions temporelle et spatiale, un dispositif de traction destiné à l'utilisation de la microtomographie in situ rapide ou ultra rapide a été conçu et réalisé. Les essais en conditions isothermes et en solidification sont désormais reproductibles sur une microstructure obtenue par refusion. Des phénomènes rapides au sein d'une microstructure très fine sont maintenant observables.Hot tearing is a defect which forms at high solid fraction in solidifying alloys, when the material is still semi solid. This work aims at bringing a contribution to the prevision of this phenomenon. To be able to do that, it is necessary to characterize deformability of the semi-solid alloy solid phase, and also bring local information on microstructure during its straining (liquid and pore fractions, liquid films thickness, liquid flow velocity ). Solid phase macroscopic behaviour on solidus line has been determined and validated by hot compression tests. The calculated behaviour law has also been compared with several analytical models. Mechanical behaviour differences between homogeneous and composition gradient microstructure has been put in evidence. Real time microscopic information on tensile tested semi solid samples have been obtained by in situ standard microtomography, in isothermal and solidification conditions. An analytic hot tearing predictive model has been modified to better fit the experimental data. An experimental device has been developed and realized to be able to carry out high and ultra high speed microtomography. These two methods bring better both time and space resolution. High velocity phenomenons in very fine microstructures can thus be visible. Isothermal and solidification conditions tests and now reproducible on remelted samples.SAVOIE-SCD - Bib.électronique (730659901) / SudocGRENOBLE1/INP-Bib.électronique (384210012) / SudocGRENOBLE2/3-Bib.électronique (384219901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Nucleation and Growth Dynamics of the α-Al / β-Al5FeSi Eutectic in a Complex Al-Si-Cu-Fe Alloy

Secondary-sourced recycled aluminium alloys can exhibit high levels of different impurities. It is well known that the presence of iron, the most common impurity, can lead to the formation of hard and brittle intermetallic phases which are detrimental to the machining properties and the mechanical behaviour of the material in service. The purpose of this work is to study the nucleation and growth of the β-Al5FeSi intermetallic phase in the framework of the eutectic reaction: Liquid → α-Al + β-Al5FeSi. In situ X-ray microtomography has been used to investigate the formation of the irregular eutectic β-phase plates during the solidification at low cooling rate of an Al-8Si-4Cu-0.8Fe alloy. The results show that only a few plates form, nucleating early near the sample surface. Next, growth occurs very rapidly in the principal growth direction and slowly in the thickness direction. The plates are highly branched and appear to form as a divorced eutectic, i.e. not coupled with the α-Al. These features are inconsistent with the common irregular eutectic solidification theory based on the Jackson and Hunt model

In-situ synchrotron microtomography reveals multiple reaction pathways during soda-lime glass synthesis

Ultrafast synchrotron microtomography has been used to study in-situ and in real time the initial stages of silicate glass melt formation from crystalline granular raw materials. Significant and unexpected rearrangements of grains occur below the nominal eutectic temperature, and several drastically different solid-state reactions are observed to take place at different types of intergranular contacts. These reactions have a profound influence on the formation and the composition of the liquids produced, and control the formation of defects.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Formation of hot tear under controlled solidification conditions

Aluminum alloy 7050 is known for its superior mechanical properties, and thus finds its application in aerospace industry. Vertical direct-chill (DC) casting process is typically employed for producing such an alloy. Despite its advantages, AA7050 is considered as a "hard-to-cast" alloy because of its propensity to cold cracking. This type of cracks occurs catastrophically and is difficult to predict. Previous research suggested that such a crack could be initiated by undeveloped hot tears (microscopic hot tear) formed during the DC casting process if they reach a certain critical size. However, validation of such a hypothesis has not been done yet. Therefore, a method to produce a hot tear with a controlled size is needed as part of the verification studies. In the current study, we demonstrate a method that has a potential to control the size of the created hot tear in a small-scale solidification process. We found that by changing two variables, cooling rate and displacement compensation rate, the size of the hot tear during solidification can be modified in a controlled way. An X-ray microtomography characterization technique is utilized to quantify the created hot tear. We suggest that feeding and strain rate during DC casting are more important compared with the exerted force on the sample for the formation of a hot tear. In addition, we show that there are four different domains of hot-tear development in the explored experimental window-compression, microscopic hot tear, macroscopic hot tear, and failure. The samples produced in the current study will be used for subsequent experiments that simulate cold-cracking conditions to confirm the earlier proposed model.This research was carried out within the Materials innovation institute (www.m2i.nl) research framework, project no. M42.5.09340

Using Line Profiles to Test the Fraternity of Type Ia Supernovae at High and Low Redshifts

Using archival data of low-redshift (z < 0.01) Type Ia supernovae (SN Ia) and recent observations of high-redshift (0.16 < z <0.64; Matheson et al. 2005) SN Ia, we study the "uniformity'' of the spectroscopic properties of nearby and distant SN Ia. We find no difference in the measures we describe here. In this paper, we base our analysis solely on line-profile morphology, focusing on measurements of the velocity location of maximum absorption (vabs) and peak emission (vpeak). We find that the evolution of vabs and vpeak for our sample lines (Ca II 3945, Si II 6355, and S II 5454, 5640) is similar for both the low- and high-redshift samples. We find that vabs for the weak S II 5454, 5640 lines, and vpeak for S II 5454, can be used to identify fast-declining [dm15 > 1.7] SN Ia, which are also subluminous. In addition, we give the first direct evidence in two high-z SN Ia spectra of a double-absorption feature in Ca II 3945, an event also observed, though infrequently, in low-redshift SN Ia spectra (6/22 SN Ia in our local sample). We report for the first time the unambiguous and systematic intrinsic blueshift of peak emission of optical P-Cygni line profiles in Type Ia spectra, by as much as 8000 km/s. All the high-z SN Ia analyzed in this paper were discovered and followed up by the ESSENCE collaboration, and are now publicly available.Comment: 28 pages (emulateapj), 15 figures; accepted for publication in A

Chinese Script vs Plate-Like Precipitation of Beta-Al9Fe2Si2 Phase in an Al-6.5Si-1Fe Alloy

The microstructure of a high-purity Al-6.5Si-1Fe(wt pct) alloy after solidification at various cooling rates was investigated. In most of the cases, the monoclinic beta-Al9Fe2Si2 phase was observed as long and thin lamellae. However, at a very slow cooling rate, Febearing precipitates with Chinese script morphology appeared together with lamellae. Further analysis showed all these Chinese script precipitates correspond also to the monoclinic beta phase. This finding stresses that differentiating second phases according to their shape may be misleading

The REporting of A Disproportionality Analysis for DrUg Safety Signal Detection Using Individual Case Safety Reports in PharmacoVigilance (READUS-PV): Explanation and Elaboration

In pharmacovigilance, disproportionality analyses based on individual case safety reports are widely used to detect safety signals. Unfortunately, publishing disproportionality analyses lacks specific guidelines, often leading to incomplete and ambiguous reporting, and carries the risk of incorrect conclusions when data are not placed in the correct context. The REporting of A Disproportionality analysis for drUg Safety signal detection using individual case safety reports in PharmacoVigilance (READUS-PV) statement was developed to address this issue by promoting transparent and comprehensive reporting of disproportionality studies. While the statement paper explains in greater detail the procedure followed to develop these guidelines, with this explanation paper we present the 14 items retained for READUS-PV guidelines, together with an in-depth explanation of their rationale and bullet points to illustrate their practical implementation. Our primary objective is to foster the adoption of the READUS-PV guidelines among authors, editors, peer reviewers, and readers of disproportionality analyses. Enhancing transparency, completeness, and accuracy of reporting, as well as proper interpretation of their results, READUS-PV guidelines will ultimately facilitate evidence-based decision making in pharmacovigilance