ACIDENTES CAUSADOS POR SERPENTES DO GÊNERO Bothrops EM PEQUENOS ANIMAIS – REVISÃO DE LITERATURA

As serpentes do gênero Bothrops são responsáveis por cerca de 90% dos casos de acidentes ofídicos em seres humanos na América do Sul, sendo que deste valor, 89% dos casos ocorrem no Brasil, isso ocorre devido ao fato de que o Brasil possui as características necessárias para o habitat das serpentes botrópicas. O acidente botrópico apresenta como características as marcas das presas da serpente no local da picada, edema, sangramento local e até necrose; sendo assim o veneno possui ações proteolíticas, vasculotóxicas e coagulantes. Para o diagnóstico do acidente botrópico deve-se levar em consideração o histórico do paciente, achados no exame físico e nos exames laboratoriais, que sugiram o acidente. Sempre que houver suspeita de acidente botrópico deve ser avaliado o tempo de coagulação sanguínea (TC), que geralmente encontra-se de aumentado (maior que 10 minutos) a incoagulável (maior que 30 minutos). O tratamento baseia-se na soroterapia devendo ser realizado o mais rápido possível, podendo ser utilizado o soro antibotrópico ou soro polivalente. Considerando a importância dos acidentes botrópicos no nosso país, objetivou-se com esta revisão bibliográfica abordar o acidente botrópico, tanto pelas suas propriedades tóxicas quanto farmacológicas, bem como as medidas terapêuticas na condição deste tipo de acidente

Paraneoplastic Hypercalcemia Secondary to Canine Mammary Tumors

Background: Paraneoplastic syndromes are complexes symptom that occur at a distinct site from the primary tumor or its metastasis by the production of hormone by the tissue in which the tumor appears. Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia is associated with an abnormal elevation of serum calcium levels and the mainly tumor related to this syndrome in canine is lymphoma, anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma and multiple myeloma. In mammary tumors, the most frequent tumor that affect female dogs, this syndrome was also observed. The aims of this study were to evaluate serum calcium levels in female dogs with malignant mammary tumors and correlate calcium levels with clinicopathological parameters.Materials, Methods & Results: It was evaluated fifty-one female dogs with mammary carcinomas (simple carcinomas and carcinoma in mixed tumors) for serum calcium levels using colorimetric test. Clinical-histopathological data as spray status, pseudopregnancy, tumor size, ulceration, clinical staging, histopathological type and tumor grade were also evaluated in association with serum calcium levels. All dogs were treated with unilateral mastectomy. It was observed that 18 animals (35%) had calcium serum levels increased (>11.5 mg/dL) and 56% (10/18 cases) of these animals had serum calcium levels higher than 12 mg/dL. All dogs with hypercalcemia were asymptomatic, including two female dogs that presented the highest levels (13.43 mg/dL and 14.28 mg/dL). Hypercalcemia of malignancy was related to mammary carcinomas after the exclusion of other causes of hypercalcemia through laboratory tests (complete blood count and serum biochemistry) and abdominal ultrasound. No correlation was verified between the corrected serum calcium values with clinical and histopathological parameters evaluated.Discussion: In this study, it was observed a high incidence of paraneoplastic hypercalcemia associated with canine mammary tumors (35%). In humans, this syndrome is related in up to 10% of all patients with advanced cancer and with worse prognosis. The most frequent clinical signs of hypercalcemia are nonspecific and can be confused with other diseases, such as polyuria, polydipsia, anorexia, constipation, lethargy and weakness. The treatment of this syndrome is based on tumor resection and when necessary other treatments can be performed with fluid containing 0.9% sodium chloride, furosemide, prednisolone and calcitonin. Patients with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic hypercalcemia (calcium levels <12 mg/ dL) do not require immediate treatment. Clinical signs occur more frequently with serum calcium levels higher than 15 mg/dL. Calcium levels higher than 18 mg/dL are considered a medical emergency and the clinical signs observed are trigger seizures, cardiac arrhythmia, acute renal failure and death. Most animals of this study presented mild hypercalcemia, that could justify the absence of clinical signs related to this syndrome, and the treatment for this syndrome was the tumor removal. The high serum calcium levels did not show correlation with more aggressive tumors and poorer prognosis, conditions evaluated by histological type, tumor grade and clinical stage. The evaluation of serum calcium levels is an important clinical test to be done in female dogs with mammary tumors, besides to be an affordable and technically simple test. The clinical signs related to this syndrome are nonspecific and may be confused with other diseases commonly observed in older dogs. The data suggest that there are no correlation between serum calcium levels with aggressiveness of canine mammary tumors and with other clinical features

ESTABILIZAÇÃO DE FRATURAS FEMORAIS E UMERAIS DE CÃES E GATOS MEDIANTE PINO INTRAMEDULAR E FIXAÇÃO PARACORTICAL COM PINOS E POLIMETILMETACRILATO

Fractures are very frequent affections in clinical routine of dogs and cats, and several methods of stabilizing them are proposed in the literature. In this work, a new technique for stabilization of femoral and humeral fractures constituted by the use of intramedullary pin and paracortical pins fixed with polymethylmethacrylate was evaluated. Twelve animals (six cats and six dogs) were used. Three of them had humeral fracture and the others had femoral fractures. The bone healing was evaluated by radiographic monitoring 30, 60 and 90 days after the surgery. It was observed, immediately after the deployment of the technology (trans-operative period), that the method effectively neutralized the forces of rotation, bending, shear and axial displacement, providing degrees of alignment and adequate affixing; however, over time, the required stability did not remain, causing delay in bone union of some animals. Moreover, wound dehiscence, integrity loss of the implants and osteomyelitis were observed. This approach to fractures stabilization is applicable only to transverse fractures or slightly oblique ones, and can be considered inefficient, facing the number of imperfections observed during the research

Acidentes causados por serpentes do gênero bothrops em pequenos animais – revisão de literatura

As serpentes do gênero Bothrops são responsáveis por cerca de 90% dos casos de acidentes ofídicos em seres humanos na América do Sul, sendo que deste valor, 89% dos casos ocorrem no Brasil, isso ocorre devido ao fato de que o Brasil possui as características necessárias para o habitat das serpentes botrópicas. O acidente botrópico apresenta como características as marcas das presas da serpente no local da picada, edema, sangramento local e até necrose; sendo assim o veneno possui ações proteolíticas, vasculotóxicas e coagulantes. Para o diagnóstico do acidente botrópico deve-se levar em consideração o histórico do paciente, achados no exame físico e nos exames laboratoriais, que sugiram o acidente. Sempre que houver suspeita de acidente botrópico deve ser avaliado o tempo de coagulação sanguínea (TC), que geralmente encontra-se de aumentado (maior que 10 minutos) a incoagulável (maior que 30 minutos). O tratamento baseia-se na soroterapia devendo ser realizado o mais rápido possível, podendo ser utilizado o soro antibotrópico ou soro polivalente. Considerando a importância dos acidentes botrópicos no nosso país, objetivou-se com esta revisão bibliográfica abordar o acidente botrópico, tanto pelas suas propriedades tóxicas quanto farmacológicas, bem como as medidas terapêuticas na condição deste tipo de acidente

Acidentes causados por serpentes do gênero crotalus em pequenos animais – revisão de literatura

O Brasil possui cerca de 265 espécies de serpentes, classificadas dentro de 70 gêneros, reunidos em 9 famílias. O gênero Crotalus está representado no Brasil principalmente pela Crotalus durissus, que possui também uma ampla distribuição geográfica. O veneno crotálico quase não produz lesão no local da picada, mas as marcas das presas podem ser encontradas. Não há dor ou se existe é de pequena intensidade, entretanto devido sua ação neurotóxica, este veneno pode induzir ao óbito logo após a picada, tanto no homem quanto em animais. Considerando a importância dos acidentes ofídicos na medicina veterinária, principalmente na clínica de pequenos animais, e que os dados sobre acidentes ofídicos são escassos, objetiva-se com este trabalho a descrição dos principais aspectos clínicos e patológicos ocorridos em pequenos animais em decorrência a acidente crotálico

Paraneoplastic Hypercalcemia Secondary to Canine Mammary Tumors

Background: Paraneoplastic syndromes are complexes symptom that occur at a distinct site from the primary tumor or its metastasis by the production of hormone by the tissue in which the tumor appears. Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia is associated with an abnormal elevation of serum calcium levels and the mainly tumor related to this syndrome in canine is lymphoma, anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma and multiple myeloma. In mammary tumors, the most frequent tumor that affect female dogs, this syndrome was also observed. The aims of this study were to evaluate serum calcium levels in female dogs with malignant mammary tumors and correlate calcium levels with clinicopathological parameters.Materials, Methods & Results: It was evaluated fifty-one female dogs with mammary carcinomas (simple carcinomas and carcinoma in mixed tumors) for serum calcium levels using colorimetric test. Clinical-histopathological data as spray status, pseudopregnancy, tumor size, ulceration, clinical staging, histopathological type and tumor grade were also evaluated in association with serum calcium levels. All dogs were treated with unilateral mastectomy. It was observed that 18 animals (35%) had calcium serum levels increased (>11.5 mg/dL) and 56% (10/18 cases) of these animals had serum calcium levels higher than 12 mg/dL. All dogs with hypercalcemia were asymptomatic, including two female dogs that presented the highest levels (13.43 mg/dL and 14.28 mg/dL). Hypercalcemia of malignancy was related to mammary carcinomas after the exclusion of other causes of hypercalcemia through laboratory tests (complete blood count and serum biochemistry) and abdominal ultrasound. No correlation was verified between the corrected serum calcium values with clinical and histopathological parameters evaluated.Discussion: In this study, it was observed a high incidence of paraneoplastic hypercalcemia associated with canine mammary tumors (35%). In humans, this syndrome is related in up to 10% of all patients with advanced cancer and with worse prognosis. The most frequent clinical signs of hypercalcemia are nonspecific and can be confused with other diseases, such as polyuria, polydipsia, anorexia, constipation, lethargy and weakness. The treatment of this syndrome is based on tumor resection and when necessary other treatments can be performed with fluid containing 0.9% sodium chloride, furosemide, prednisolone and calcitonin. Patients with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic hypercalcemia (calcium levels <12 mg/ dL) do not require immediate treatment. Clinical signs occur more frequently with serum calcium levels higher than 15 mg/dL. Calcium levels higher than 18 mg/dL are considered a medical emergency and the clinical signs observed are trigger seizures, cardiac arrhythmia, acute renal failure and death. Most animals of this study presented mild hypercalcemia, that could justify the absence of clinical signs related to this syndrome, and the treatment for this syndrome was the tumor removal. The high serum calcium levels did not show correlation with more aggressive tumors and poorer prognosis, conditions evaluated by histological type, tumor grade and clinical stage. The evaluation of serum calcium levels is an important clinical test to be done in female dogs with mammary tumors, besides to be an affordable and technically simple test. The clinical signs related to this syndrome are nonspecific and may be confused with other diseases commonly observed in older dogs. The data suggest that there are no correlation between serum calcium levels with aggressiveness of canine mammary tumors and with other clinical features

Paraneoplastic Hypercalcemia Secondary to Canine Mammary Tumors

Background: Paraneoplastic syndromes are complexes symptom that occur at a distinct site from the primary tumor or its metastasis by the production of hormone by the tissue in which the tumor appears. Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia is associated with an abnormal elevation of serum calcium levels and the mainly tumor related to this syndrome in canine is lymphoma, anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma and multiple myeloma. In mammary tumors, the most frequent tumor that affect female dogs, this syndrome was also observed. The aims of this study were to evaluate serum calcium levels in female dogs with malignant mammary tumors and correlate calcium levels with clinicopathological parameters.Materials, Methods & Results: It was evaluated fifty-one female dogs with mammary carcinomas (simple carcinomas and carcinoma in mixed tumors) for serum calcium levels using colorimetric test. Clinical-histopathological data as spray status, pseudopregnancy, tumor size, ulceration, clinical staging, histopathological type and tumor grade were also evaluated in association with serum calcium levels. All dogs were treated with unilateral mastectomy. It was observed that 18 animals (35%) had calcium serum levels increased (>11.5 mg/dL) and 56% (10/18 cases) of these animals had serum calcium levels higher than 12 mg/dL. All dogs with hypercalcemia were asymptomatic, including two female dogs that presented the highest levels (13.43 mg/dL and 14.28 mg/dL). Hypercalcemia of malignancy was related to mammary carcinomas after the exclusion of other causes of hypercalcemia through laboratory tests (complete blood count and serum biochemistry) and abdominal ultrasound. No correlation was verified between the corrected serum calcium values with clinical and histopathological parameters evaluated.Discussion: In this study, it was observed a high incidence of paraneoplastic hypercalcemia associated with canine mammary tumors (35%). In humans, this syndrome is related in up to 10% of all patients with advanced cancer and with worse prognosis. The most frequent clinical signs of hypercalcemia are nonspecific and can be confused with other diseases, such as polyuria, polydipsia, anorexia, constipation, lethargy and weakness. The treatment of this syndrome is based on tumor resection and when necessary other treatments can be performed with fluid containing 0.9% sodium chloride, furosemide, prednisolone and calcitonin. Patients with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic hypercalcemia (calcium levels <12 mg/ dL) do not require immediate treatment. Clinical signs occur more frequently with serum calcium levels higher than 15 mg/dL. Calcium levels higher than 18 mg/dL are considered a medical emergency and the clinical signs observed are trigger seizures, cardiac arrhythmia, acute renal failure and death. Most animals of this study presented mild hypercalcemia, that could justify the absence of clinical signs related to this syndrome, and the treatment for this syndrome was the tumor removal. The high serum calcium levels did not show correlation with more aggressive tumors and poorer prognosis, conditions evaluated by histological type, tumor grade and clinical stage. The evaluation of serum calcium levels is an important clinical test to be done in female dogs with mammary tumors, besides to be an affordable and technically simple test. The clinical signs related to this syndrome are nonspecific and may be confused with other diseases commonly observed in older dogs. The data suggest that there are no correlation between serum calcium levels with aggressiveness of canine mammary tumors and with other clinical features