Spain and the First World War : neutrality and crisis.

PhDThe subject of this thesis is a study of Spain during the First World War. The Spanish case is analyzed as the regional version of the general crisis which engulfed the rest of Europe during these years. This crisis was produced by the ideological militancy and social struggle caused by four years of devastating international conflict. It heralded the arrival of mass politics which put an end to a previous era marked by hierarchical and clientelist politics. This thesis examines how the maintenance of strict neutrality did not save the existing regime in Spain from the impact of the conflict raging in Europe. Spain did not enter the war but the war entered the country and, ironically, a conflict in which Spain did not take part was to alter its contemporary history. The analysis explores the gradual disintegration of the foundations of the ruling system, the Liberal Monarchy restored in December 1874, during and as a consequence of the First World War. Considerable attention is paid to the impact and importance of the war in producing the decay of the Liberal Monarchy. This process is examined at two levels: the political polarization and subsequent division of the country which was provoked by the debate about belligerence or neutrality, and the social and economic transformations that Spain underwent as consequence a of its privileged position as a supplier to both sides. The result was galloping inflation, widespread social discontent and political turmoil. Under these pressures, the hegemonic system, based on electoral falsification, widespread patronage and mass apathy, collapsed and gave way to an inexorable process of growing working class and right-wing militancy which led to the military coup of 1923

España y la I Guerra Mundial Cien años después. Presentación

-

"España no era Rusia". La revolución española de 1917: Anatomía de un fracaso

Resumen: Este artículo analiza la crisis de modernidad del régimen de la Restauración dentro de la dinámica general revolucionaria propiciada por la I Guerra Mundial. En este sentido, el caso español (con sus connotaciones peculiares) es examinado como la versión regional de la quiebra general del orden socio-político europeo dominado por monarquías constitucionales y parlamentarias pero de corte elitista y clientelar.La neutralidad salvó a España de la sangría humana pero no la pudo aislar de su enorme impacto socio-económico y político. La combinación en 1917 de factores de índole externa (ideológica polarización en torno a la neutralidad, revolución rusa) y doméstica (carestía de la vida, crisis de subsistencias, dislocación social) desembocaron en un ciclo reformista/revolucionario que sin embargo terminó en fracaso. Este artículo examina las condiciones y razones (agentes y circunstanciales) que explican tal fracaso así como el coste en que incurrió el régimen para garantizar su supervivencia. Dentro de estos parámetros, las peculiaridades del ciclo revolucionario español se analizan comparando con los rasgos diferenciales del modelo ruso.Palabras clave: Primera Guerra Mundial, Neutralidad, revolución, Juntas, asamblea, Alfonso XIII, zarismo, Lenin.Abstract: This article analyses the crisis of modernity of Spain’s Restoration regime as part of the revolutionary dynamic spurred by the First World War. Within this context, the Spanish case (with its obvious particular connotations) is examined as the regional version of the breakdown of the traditional European socio-political order then dominated by constitutional and parliamentarian monarchies although elitist or clientelist in nature. Her neutrality spared Spain from the human slaughter but could not isolate her from the war’s huge socio-economic and political impact. The combination in 1917 of factors both external (ideological polarization, Russian revolution) and domestic (shortages of basic products, rising prices, social dislocation) led to a reformist/revolutionary cycle that nevertheless ended in utter failure. This article examines the conditions and reasons (agential and accidental) that explain such failure as well as the price that the regime had to pay to guarantee its survival. Within these parameters, the peculiarities of the Spanish revolutionary cycle are analysed in comparative terms with the differential features of the Russian model.Key words: First World War, neutrality, revolution, Juntas, assembly, Alfonso XIII, Tsarism, Leni

British writing about the Spanish Labyrinth

With its longstanding tradition of academic excellence, the United Kingdom, in particular the Iberian Centre headed by Raymond Carr at the University of Oxford, headed research on the Spanish Civil War during the dark years of the dictatorship. The transition to democracy and subsequent free access to archives naturally returned Spanish universities to a position of prominence in the study of this crucial subject. Nevertheless, the contribution of the British school remains important. With its constant methodological renovations, emphasis on intradisciplinary collaboration and close relationship between teaching and research, the United Kingdom attracts academics from all over the world. This includes rising numbers of academics visiting from Spain. In the particular field of hispanism, Professor Paul Preston, who took on the baton from Raymond Carr, has not only written a large number of ground-breaking monographs but has also nurtured several generations of scholars, most of them specialising in the Civil War. Preston has also set up the Cañada Blanch Centre at the London School of Economics, an outstanding hub for study, debate and research.Con su larguísima tradición de excelencia académica, el Reino Unido, en particular el Iberian Centre dirigido por Raymond Carr en Oxford, lideró el estudio sobre la Guerra Civil española durante los aciagos años del franquismo. La transición democrática y consiguiente libre acceso a los archivos, representó, como era lógico, la prominencia de las universidades españolas en la investigación de sujeto de tal importancia. No obstante, la contribución de la escuela anglosajona continúa siendo importante. Su constante renovación metodológica, énfasis en colaboración interdisciplinaria e intrínseca conexión entre docencia e investigación siguen atrayendo las visitas de académicos de todo el mundo (y en número cada vez mayor de España). En el campo particular del hispanismo, el profesor Paul Preston, habiendo tomado el relevo de Raymond Carr, no solo ha escrito un elevado número de monografías esenciales sino también educado varias generaciones de investigadores, casi todos ellos especializados en temas relacionados con la Guerra Civil, y creado en el Cañada Blanch Centre (London School of Economics) un extraordinario centro de estudio, investigación y debate

A comparison of drinking behavior using a harmonized methodology (Liq.In 7) in six countries

Purpose: To assess drinking occasions (volume and type) according to consumption with food in or outside meals, and location, for six countries. Methods: A total of 10, 521 participants aged 4–65 years from Argentina, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Mexico and Uruguay completed a validated 7-day fluid intake record. For each drinking event, the volume consumed, the fluid type, the location of intake, and whether the drink was accompanied by food (meal or snack) or not, was recorded. Results: Similar drinking behaviors were found in Mexico and Argentina; fluid intake during meals was 48 and 45% of total fluid intake (TFI), respectively. In Brazil (55%), Indonesia (58%) and China (66%) most fluid was consumed without food. In Uruguay, 34% of TFI was with a main meal, 31% with food between meals and 35% without food. Indonesia had the highest median (25–75th percentile) TFI; 2520 (1750–3347) mL/day, and China the lowest 1138 (818–3347) mL/day. Water was consumed with meals for 37% of Chinese and 87% of Indonesian participants, while the four Latin-American American countries showed a preference for sweet drinks; 54% in Mexico, 67% in Brazil, 55% in Argentina and 59% in Uruguay. Diversity in fluid type was noted when drinking with food between meals. Apart from China, most drinking occasions (> 75%) occurred at home. Conclusions: Three distinct drinking behaviors were identified, namely, drinking with meals, drinking as a stand-alone activity, and a type of ‘grazing’ (i.e., frequent drinks throughout the day) behavior. Most drinking occasions occurred at home

Fluid intake of Latin American children and adolescents: results of four 2016 LIQ.IN 7 National Cross-Sectional Surveys

Purpose: The primary aim of this survey was to report total fluid intake (TFI) and different fluid types for children (4–9 years) and adolescents (10–17 years) in Mexico, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. The second aim was to compare TFI with the adequate intake (AI) of water from fluids as recommended by the USA Institute of Medicine. Methods: Data were collected using a validated liquid intake 7-day record (Liq.In7). Participants’ characteristics, including age, sex and anthropometric measurements were recorded. Results: A total of 733 children and 933 adolescents were recruited. Over 75% of children in Uruguay met the IOM’s recommended intake. Fewer children in Argentina (64–72%) and Brazil (41–50%) obtained AI and the lowest values were recorded in Mexico (33–44%), where 16% of boys and 14% girls drank 50% or less of the AI. More adolescents in Argentina (42%) met the AIs than other countries; the lowest was in Mexico (28%). Children and adolescents in Mexico and Argentina drank more sugar sweetened beverages than water. Conclusions: Large numbers of children and adolescents did not meet AI recommendations for TFI, raising concerns about their hydration status and potential effects on mental and physical well-being. Given the negative effects on children’s health, the levels of SSB consumption are worrying

Fluid intake of children, adolescents and adults in Indonesia: results of the 2016 Liq.In7 national cross-sectional survey

Purpose: To report daily total fluid intake (TFI) and fluid types in Indonesia according to age, sex, socio-economic status (SES) and geographic region, and compare TFI with the Indonesian adequate fluid intake (AI) recommendations. Methods: Data were collected in 32 cities over nine regions from children (4–9 years, n = 388), adolescents, (10–17 years, n = 478) and adults (18–65 years, n = 2778) using a fluid intake 7-day record (Liq.In7); socio-economic status was also recorded. The 7-day mean TFIs were compared with the AI of water set by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Results: Total median fluid intakes for all age groups exceeded 2000 mL/day. At population level, TFI was associated with household income (P < 0.001), education (P < 0.001) and Indonesian geographical regions (P < 0.001). More than 67% of participants met the AI of water from fluids. A higher percentage of children and adolescents met the AI (78 and 80%, respectively), compared with adults (72%). Drinking water was the main contributor to TFI in all age groups (76–81%). Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) were consumed by 62% children, 72% adolescents and 61% of adults. An SSB intake = 1 serving per day was observed for 24% children, 41% adolescents and 33% adults. Conclusions: A high percentage of the population drank enough to meet the AI of water from fluids. Water was the most frequently consumed drink; however, many participants consumed at least one serving of SSB per day. This study provides data to help direct targeted intervention programs

Fluid intake patterns of children and adolescents: results of six Liq.In7 national cross-sectional surveys

Purpose: This study aimed to identify and characterize patterns of fluid intake in children and adolescents from six countries: Argentina, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Mexico and Uruguay. Methods: Data on fluid intake volume and type amongst children (4–9 years; N = 1400) and adolescents (10–17 years; N = 1781) were collected using the validated 7-day fluid-specific record (Liq.In7 record). To identify relatively distinct clusters of subjects based on eight fluid types (water, milk and its derivatives, hot beverages, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), 100% fruit juices, artificial/non-nutritive sweetened beverages, alcoholic beverages, other beverages), a cluster analysis (partitioning around k-medoids algorithm) was used. Clusters were then characterized according to their socio-demographics and lifestyle indicators. Results: The six interpretable clusters identified were: low drinkers–SSB (n 523), low drinkers–water and milk (n 615), medium mixed drinkers (n 914), high drinkers–SSB (n 513), high drinkers–water (n 352) and very high drinkers–water (n 264). Country of residence was the dominant characteristic, followed by socioeconomic level, in all six patterns. Conclusions: This analysis showed that consumption of water and SSB were the primary drivers of the clusters. In addition to country, socio-demographic and lifestyle factors played a role in determining the characteristics of each cluster. This information highlights the need to target interventions in particular populations aimed at changing fluid intake behavior and improving health in children and adolescents

Fluid intake in urban China: results of the 2016 Liq.In 7 national cross-sectional surveys

Purpose: To describe total fluid intake (TFI) and types of fluid consumed in urban China by age, gender, regions and city socioeconomic status relative to the adequate intakes (AI) set by the Chinese Nutrition Society. Methods: In 2016, participants aged 4–9, 10–17 and 18–55 years were recruited via a door-to-door approach in 27 cities in China. In total, 2233 participants were included. The volumes and sources of TFI were collected using the Liq.In7 record, assisted by a photographic booklet of standard fluid containers. Results: The mean daily TFI among children, adolescents and adults were 966, 1177 and 1387 mL, respectively. In each age group, TFI was significantly higher in male vs female (981 vs 949, 1240 vs 1113, 1442 vs 1332; mL). Approximately 45, 36 and 28% of children, adolescents and adults reached the AI. Although plain water was the highest contributor to TFI, the contribution of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) was ranked in the top three together with water and milk and derivatives. Approximately 27, 48 and 47% of children, adolescents and adults consumed more than one serving of SSB per day, respectively. Conclusions: A relatively large proportion of participants did not drink enough to meet the AI in urban China. Many children, adolescents and adults consumed more than one serving of SSB per day. A majority of children, adolescents and adults in the study population do not meet both quantitative and qualitative fluid intake requirements, and signal socioeconomic disparities

Metabolomics for Biomarkers of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Advances and Nutritional Intervention Trends

Abstract Metabolic characterization of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is crucial for the identification of individuals at risk for developing diabetes and T2DM-related vascular complications as well as for monitoring disease progression. The application of metabolomics to diabetes research may lead to the identification and discovery of diagnostic and prognostic T2DM biomarkers, in addition to elucidating disease pathways. In the present review, we summarize the distinct classes of metabolites that have been proposed as potential biomarkers for progressing stages of T2DM by metabolomic approaches. Several studies have demonstrated that the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids is considerably altered in prediabetes and continue to vary over the course of T2DM progression. The identification of intermediate metabolites involved in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, lipolysis, and proteolysis have provided evidence of these metabolic dysfunctions. Finally, given the increasing worldwide incidence of T2DM and its related complications, research should focus on the impact of lifestyle factors, particularly diet, at the metabolomic level for better understanding and improved healthcare strategie