223 research outputs found
Local climate determines vulnerability to camouflage mismatch in snowshoe hares
AimPhenological mismatches, when lifeâevents become mistimed with optimal environmental conditions, have become increasingly common under climate change. Populationâlevel susceptibility to mismatches depends on how phenology and phenotypic plasticity vary across a speciesâ distributional range. Here, we quantify the environmental drivers of colour moult phenology, phenotypic plasticity, and the extent of phenological mismatch in seasonal camouflage to assess vulnerability to mismatch in a common North American mammal.LocationNorth America.Time period2010â2017.Major taxa studiedSnowshoe hare (Lepus americanus).MethodsWe used >Â 5,500 byâcatch photographs of snowshoe hares from 448 remote camera trap sites at three independent study areas. To quantify moult phenology and phenotypic plasticity, we used multinomial logistic regression models that incorporated geospatial and highâresolution climate data. We estimated occurrence of camouflage mismatch between haresâ coat colour and the presence and absence of snow over 7Â years of monitoring.ResultsSpatial and temporal variation in moult phenology depended on local climate conditions more so than on latitude. First, hares in colder, snowier areas moulted earlier in the fall and later in the spring. Next, hares exhibited phenotypic plasticity in moult phenology in response to annual variation in temperature and snow duration, especially in the spring. Finally, the occurrence of camouflage mismatch varied in space and time; white hares on dark, snowless background occurred primarily during lowâsnow years in regions characterized by shallow, shortâlasting snowpack.Main conclusionsLongâterm climate and annual variation in snow and temperature determine coat colour moult phenology in snowshoe hares. In most areas, climate change leads to shorter snow seasons, but the occurrence of camouflage mismatch varies across the speciesâ range. Our results underscore the populationâspecific susceptibility to climate changeâinduced stressors and the necessity to understand this variation to prioritize the populations most vulnerable under global environmental change.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154444/1/geb13049.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154444/2/geb13049_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154444/3/geb13049-sup-0001-Supinfo.pd
Sequence of a complete chicken BG haplotype shows dynamic expansion and contraction of two gene lineages with particular expression patterns.
Many genes important in immunity are found as multigene families. The butyrophilin genes are members of the B7 family, playing diverse roles in co-regulation and perhaps in antigen presentation. In humans, a fixed number of butyrophilin genes are found in and around the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and show striking association with particular autoimmune diseases. In chickens, BG genes encode homologues with somewhat different domain organisation. Only a few BG genes have been characterised, one involved in actin-myosin interaction in the intestinal brush border, and another implicated in resistance to viral diseases. We characterise all BG genes in B12 chickens, finding a multigene family organised as tandem repeats in the BG region outside the MHC, a single gene in the MHC (the BF-BL region), and another single gene on a different chromosome. There is a precise cell and tissue expression for each gene, but overall there are two kinds, those expressed by haemopoietic cells and those expressed in tissues (presumably non-haemopoietic cells), correlating with two different kinds of promoters and 5' untranslated regions (5'UTR). However, the multigene family in the BG region contains many hybrid genes, suggesting recombination and/or deletion as major evolutionary forces. We identify BG genes in the chicken whole genome shotgun sequence, as well as by comparison to other haplotypes by fibre fluorescence in situ hybridisation, confirming dynamic expansion and contraction within the BG region. Thus, the BG genes in chickens are undergoing much more rapid evolution compared to their homologues in mammals, for reasons yet to be understood.This is the final published version. It was originally published by PLOS in PLOS Genetics here: http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004417
A randomized controlled trial of the effect of supervised progressive cross-continuum strength training and protein supplementation in older medical patients:the STAND-Cph trial
Structure of a Classical MHC Class I Molecule That Binds âNon-Classicalâ Ligands
The chicken MHC YF1*7.1 X-ray structures reveal that this protein binds lipids and thus represents a "hybrid" class I complex with features of classical as well as non-classical MHC molecules
Emigration rates and population turnover of teal Anas crecca in two major wetlands of western Europe
Influence of moult and location on patterns of daily movement by Egyptian Geese in South Africa
The peptide motif of the single dominantly expressed class I molecule of the chicken MHC can explain the response to a molecular defined vaccine of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV)
A high-density SNP panel reveals extensive diversity, frequent recombination and multiple recombination hotspots within the chicken major histocompatibility complex B region between BG2 and CD1A1
Chicken CD1 genes are located in the MHC: CD1 and endothelial protein C receptor genes constitute a distinct subfamily of class-I-like genes that predates the emergence of mammals
- âŚ