Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Solid Wastes Disposed at Taman Beringin Landfill, Kuala Lumpur

At present, the Kuala Lumpur City Hall (KLCH) is facing problems in the disposal of their solid wastes due to the rapid increase in the amount generated as a result of rapid urbanisation. Existing landfill site at Taman Beringin is already exhausted and should be closed at any time. Due to this problem, there is a move to treat the solid wastes by thermal treatment technologies. Data on the characteristics of the solid waste is lacking and not reliable for the evaluation of these technologies. In addition, models for estimating the heating value based on the characteristics of Kuala Lumpur wastes are not available. This study was carried out to determine the characteristics and consequently develop the models for estimating the heating value of the Kuala Lumpur solid wastes. The study analyses and evaluates the physical and chemical characteristics of Kuala Lumpur solid wastes. The study was conducted at Taman Beringin Landfill from Mac 2000 to Jun 2000. A total of 26 samples were obtained from various sources including residential, commercial, institutional, cleansing and light industrial wastes. The truckload method was used for the sampling and characterising the physical components of wastes. The proximate and ultimate analysis of the wastes were also carried out

Optimization of PID Tuning Using Genetic Algorithm

Controller tuning is one of the important aspect in industry. With a good tuning method, it can ensure the quality of the process and product produce. Apart from that, it can protect the environment and help the company to reduce the cost. Genetic algorithm is one of the tuning method that increase usage and awareness in industry. Thus, the objective of this research is to compare the performance of the conventional tuning method with the performance of tuning method by using genetic algorithm can be seen. Optimization was done on stripping section of distillation column by using genetic algorithm with population size of 20, 40, 60 and 80 and comparing the result with previous optimization using Ziegler-Nichols method. The result obtain showed large improvement in the process response especially on rise time from 1.33 s to 1.31s and settling time from 4.56 to 4.46. Finally, population size of 40 deliver the fastest rise time and settling time

Study On Mathematical Model In Simulating Cymbopogon Winterianus Essential Oil Extraction By Steam Distillation

The main objective of this study is to improve the mathematical modelling of Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil extraction by steam distillation proposed by Cassel and Vargas by minimum 5% error reduction. Two process variable of steam distillation which are extraction time and raw material state (dry or natural) has been optimized by using factorial experimental planning to obtain high yields of citronella essential oil from twig and leaves of lemongrass species Cymbopogon winterianus (C.winterianus). The optimal condition for maximum yield (0.942%) were found to be an extraction time, 4 hr, state, natural plant. The study of Cassel and Vargas was subsequently continued with five proposed kinetics model of the extraction process. The modelling of the extraction process is optimized by using one adjustable parameter of the model and the adequacy of the fit of the models to the experimental data are analyzed by using three statistical criteria that are correlation coefficient (r) ,the root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean relative deviation modulus (E). The result has shown that the mathematical model developed by Ana based on mass transfer fundamentals is the optimum mathematical model for the extraction of Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil by steam distillation

Road Marker Classification Mechanism Using Slope Contour Analysis in Foggy

Obtaining the dark channel prior in foggy images will produce significant difference in pixels values of the foggy-free areas and atmospheric lights. Since the foggy images is the linear combination of the atmospheric light and the original non-foggy image, the fraction of atmospheric image from the foggy image will retrieve the original image without the impact of foggy. Once the foggy is reduced, the road marker visibility will be improved indiscriminately which can be further processed for feature extraction using Convolutional Neural Network

Solid waste management – what’s the Malaysian position

Solid waste management is becoming more critical in Malaysia due to unresolved problems and the emergence of new issues both at local and international levels. The most fundamental aspects still unsolved is the basic information about our waste i.e. data on the source and types of solid wastes and its physical, chemical and biological characteristics. This article highlights the basin issues of waste generation rate and its composition together with aspects such as the level of waste disposal, the prospects of capital-intensive waste treatment technologies especially incineration, and the inherent issue of recycling. This article also presents the latest information about the physical composition of Malaysian wastes, together with the values on bulk density, moisture content and the calorific value. Recycling issue is discussed in terms of roles to be played by major key players in the recycling chain, efforts to improve the rate of recycling and finally the cost and benefit aspects of recyclin

Microwave hybrid heating for lead-free solder: A review

This paper aims to focus on the current developments of Microwave Hybrid Heating (MHH) as a promising alternative method in soldering, characterization of solder joint properties related to the MHH and comparison with the conventional methods. A brief introduction to conventional heating, microwave heating and the concept of MHH in soldering is described in the earlier topic of this review. Further investigation on wettability, phase, and structural evaluation, interfacial intermetallic compounds (IMC) morphology, and tensile properties are presented and discussed in parallel with previous work (in the last decade) and the current works. The essential value of this review is to provide an in-depth understanding of MHH for an alternative soldering approach by compiling all the most recent research, technical setup, and key discoveries. This helps the electronic packaging sector, which is dealing with difficulties in meeting the growing demands for downsizing and adding multifunctionality in a single electronic device. Hence, any necessary advancement in this sector will help in future efforts to advance the soldering industry

Selective etching and hardness properties of quenched SAC305 solder joints

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the morphology of intermetallic (IMC) compounds and the mechanical properties of SAC305 solder alloy under different cooling conditions. Design/methodology/approach – SAC305 solder joints were prepared under different cooling conditions/rates. The performance of three different etching methods was investigated: simple chemical etching, deep etching based on the Jackson method and selective removal of b -Sn by a standard threeelectrode cell method. Phase and structural analyses were conducted by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology of etched solder was examined by a field emission scanning electron microscope. The hardness evaluations of the solder joints were conducted by a Vickers microhardness tester. Findings – The Ag3Sn network was significantly refined by the ice-quenching process. Further, the thickness of the Cu6Sn5 layer decreased with an increase in the cooling rate. The finer Ag3Sn network and the thinner Cu6Sn5 IMC layer were the results of the reduced solidification time. The icequenched solder joints showed the highest hardness values because of the refinement of the Ag3Sn and Cu6Sn5 phases. Originality/value – The reduction in the XRD peak intensities showed the influence of the cooling condition on the formation of the different phases. The micrographs prepared by electrochemical etching revealed better observations regarding the shape and texture of the IMC phases than those prepared by the conventional etching method. The lower grain orientation sensitivity of the electrochemical etching method (unlike chemical etching) significantly improved the micrographs and enabled accurate observation of IMC phases