Phylogeny of Lantana, Lippia, and related genera (Lantaneae: Verbenaceae)

Premise: Lantana and Lippia (Verbenaceae) are two large Linnean genera whose classification has been based on associated fruit traits: fleshy vs. dry fruits and one vs. two seed-bearing units. We reconstruct evolutionary relationships and the evolution of the two fruit traits to test the validity of these traits for classification. Methods: Previous studies of plastid DNA sequences provided limited resolution for this group. Consequently, seven nuclear loci, including ITS, ETS, and five PPR loci, were sequenced for 88 accessions of the Lantana/Lippia clade and three outgroups. Results: Neither Lantana nor Lippia is monophyletic. Burroughsia, Nashia, Phyla, and several Aloysia species are included within the clade comprising Lantana and Lippia. We provide a hypothesis for fruit evolution and biogeographic history in the group and their relevance for classification. Conclusions: Fleshy fruits evolved multiple times in the Lantana/Lippia clade and thus are not suitable taxonomic characters. Several sections of Lantana and Lippia and the small genera are monophyletic, but Lippia section Zappania is broadly paraphyletic, making circumscription of genera difficult. Lippia sect. Rhodolippia is a polyphyletic group characterized by convergence in showy bracts. Species of Lantana sect. Sarcolippia, previously transferred to Lippia, are not monophyletic. The clade originated and diversified in South America, with at least four expansions into both Central America and the Caribbean and two to Africa. The types species of Lantana and Lippia occur in small sister clades, rendering any taxonomy that retains either genus similar to its current circumscription impossible.Fil: Lu Irving, Patricia. University of Washington; Estados UnidosFil: Bedoya, Ana M.. University of Washington; Estados UnidosFil: Salimena, Fátima R. G.. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; BrasilFil: dos Santos Silva, Tânia R.. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana; BrasilFil: Viccini, Lyderson F.. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; BrasilFil: Bitencourt, Cássia. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana; BrasilFil: Thode, Verônica. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Cardoso, Pedro H.. Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional; BrasilFil: O'Leary, Nataly Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; ArgentinaFil: Olmstead, Richard. University of Washington; Estados Unido

Analysis of the chemical composition of the essential oils extracted from Lippia lacunosa Mart. & Schauer and Lippia rotundifolia Cham. (Verbenaceae) by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Lippia lacunosa and L. rotundifolia (Verbenaceae) are two Brazilian species of complex taxonomic delimitation. The composition of the essential oils from leaves and flowers of these plants was investigated by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The major components of the essential oils of flowers and leaves of L. lacunosa were: myrcene (14.7% and 11.9%), myrcenone (45.2% and 64.2%), Z-ocimenone (5.7% and 5.2%), and E-ocimenone (14.7% and 4.1%), respectively; whereas in L. rotundifolia (flowers and leaves) were a-pinene (8.7% and 1.8%), myrcene (5.1% and 3.6%), limonene (26.0% and 7.9 %), cis-pinocamphone (4.5% and 3.1%) and myrtenal (22.3% and 16.7%), respectively. The essential oils from L. lacunosa exhibited a strong and pleasant mango aroma, which was related to the presence of myrcene and myrcenone. The marked differences in the chemical composition of their essential oils may represent a powerful tool for the botanical classification.Lippia lacunosa e L. rotundifolia são duas espécies brasileiras que formam um complexo de difícil delimitação taxonômica. A composição química do óleo essencial das folhas e flores dessas plantas foi investigada por cromatografia com fase gasosa (CG) e por cromatografia com fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). Principais constituintes dos óleos essenciais de L. lacunosa (flores e folhas): mirceno (14,7% e 11,9%), mircenona (45,2% e 64,2%), Z-ocimenona (5,7% e 5,2%), e E-ocimenona (14,7% e 4,1%), respectivamente; L. rotundifolia (flores e folhas): a-pineno (8,7% e 1,8%), mirceno (5,1% e 3,6%), limoneno (26,0% e 7,9 %), cis-pinocanfona (4,5% e 3,1%) e mirtenal (22,3% e 16,7%), respectivamente. Os óleos essenciais de L. lacunosa apresentaram um forte e agradável aroma de manga, que foi relacionado à presença de mirceno e mircenona. Diferenças fundamentais na composição química de seus óleos essenciais podem representar uma poderosa ferramenta na classificação botânica das espécies

Flowering, germination and rooting of cuttings of Lippia L. (Verbenaceae)

Lippia species from Cadeia do Espinhaço (MG, Brazil), were collected and established at the Botanical Experimental Station, Juiz de Fora, MG. The flowering of plants was evaluated in both natural and controlled conditions. Germination test was accomplished with seeds obtained from natural conditions. The rooting of cuttings was evaluated in plants cultivated in the Botanical Experimental Station. The majority of species blossomed either in the dry or in the rainy seasons. Only one species blooms in both seasons. At controlled conditions, the flowering period increased in species that flourish in the summer. Some species presented better germination with fresh collected seeds while others when the seeds were stored, evidencing both viability loss and seed dormancy. GA3 stimulates the germination in some species, while it inhibited or not influenced on others. Some species germinate better in the darkness, while others under white light. Some of them germinate in the light or in the darkness. Adventitious roots formation in cuttings of wild species was very low and did not vary in response to season variation and auxin concentration. On the other hand, rooting of cuttings of L. alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. varied in response both to season variation and to auxin types and concentration. This is the first report on physiological reproductive aspects of endemic Lippia species from the Cadeia do Espinhaço. The results indicate the possibility to use seeds in the propagation of wild Lippia species and, they also show that reproduction through conventional vegetative propagation techniques presents quite reduced efficiency.Plantas de dez espécies de Lippia foram coletadas na Cadeia do Espinhaço, MG, Brasil e cultivadas em canteiros em Juiz de Fora, MG. A época de florescimento das espécies de Lippia foi observada nos ambientes de origem e em canteiro. A germinação foi testada com sementes coletadas em ambiente natural. Os materiais estabelecidos ex situ foram avaliados quanto ao enraizamento de estacas. As análises das plantas em ambiente natural e das cultivadas em canteiro evidenciaram que a maioria das espécies estudadas apresenta floração no período seco (inverno), enquanto um menor número, no chuvoso (verão). Uma única espécie floresceu nessas duas estações. Em cultivo controlado, o período de floração das espécies com floração característica no verão foi aumentado. Algumas espécies germinaram melhor quando recém coletadas enquanto outras quando armazenadas, evidenciando a ocorrência de perda de viabilidade e de dormência. O GA3 estimulou a germinação em algumas espécies, enquanto inibiu ou não apresentou efeitos sobre outras. Sementes de algumas espécies germinaram melhor no escuro, enquanto de outras sob luz branca, existindo ainda espécies que germinaram tanto na luz quanto no escuro. O enraizamento das estacas das espécies não domesticadas de Lippia foi muito baixo, independente da estação do ano e da concentração da auxina. O enraizamento em estacas de L. alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. variou em resposta à época de coleta das estacas e quanto ao tipo e à concentração das auxinas utilizadas. Os resultados do presente trabalho constituem os primeiros relatos envolvendo a reprodução de espécies de Lippia endêmicas da Cadeia do Espinhaço. Eles indicam a possibilidade de utilização das sementes na propagação das plantas desse gênero e também evidenciam que a reprodução das plantas das espécies não domesticadas de Lippia através de técnicas convencionais de propagação assexuada apresenta eficiência bastante reduzida

Genetic diversity and chemical variability of Lippia spp. (Verbenaceae)

Abstract Background The genus Lippia comprises 150 species, most of which have interesting medicinal properties. Lippia sidoides (syn. L. origanoides) exhibits strong antimicrobial activity and is included in the phytotherapy program implemented by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Since species of Lippia are morphologically very similar, conventional taxonomic methods are sometimes insufficient for the unambiguous identification of plant material that is required for the production of certified phytomedicines. Therefore, genetic and chemical analysis with chemotype identification will contribute to a better characterization of Lippia species. Methods Amplified Length Polymorphism and Internal Transcribed Spacer molecular markers were applied to determine the plants’ genetic variability, and the chemical variability of Lippia spp. was determined by essential oil composition. Results Amplified Length Polymorphism markers were efficient in demonstrating the intra and inter-specific genetic variability of the genus and in separating the species L. alba, L. lupulina and L. origanoides into distinct groups. Phylogenetic analysis using Amplified Length Polymorphism and markers produced similar results and confirmed that L. alba and L. lupulina shared a common ancestor that differ from L. origanoides. Carvacrol, endo-fenchol and thymol were the most relevant chemical descriptors. Conclusion Based on the phylogenetic analysis it is proposed that L. grata should be grouped within L. origanoides due to its significant genetic similarity. Although Amplified Length Polymorphism and Internal Transcribed Spacer markers enabled the differentiation of individuals, the genotype selection for the production of certified phytomedicines must also consider the chemotype classification that reflects their real medicinal properties

Phanerogamic flora and phytogeography of the Cloud Dwarf Forests of Ibitipoca State Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Abstract: This study was developed in Ibitipoca State Park (ISP), a mountainous massif that stands out in the Serra da Mantiqueira, in the Southeastern Region of Brazil. The vegetation is represented by a phytophysiognomic mosaic where areas of campos rupestres interspersed with cloud dwarf forests predominate, at altitudes of 1100 to 1700 m.s.m. The cloud dwarf forests exist in narrow altitude belts on the mountain peaks, immersed in a layer of clouds. They form a peculiar landscape high in the mountains by the short stature of the arboreal elements and richness of lichens and bryophytes, which develop under constant condensation of humidity, low temperatures, and frequent winds. The objective of the present work was to determine the floristic composition and phytogeography of the cloud dwarf forests of ISP. Twelve monthly campaigns were conducted to collect botanical material during the years 2014 and 2015. The collected material was deposited in the collection of the CESJ Herbarium. A total of 372 species, 209 genera, and 73 families of phanerogams were found. The richest families were Orchidaceae (84 spp.), Asteraceae (39 spp.), and Melastomataceae (21 spp). The genera with the greatest wealth were Leandra (09 spp.), Epidendrum (09 spp.), Pleurothallis (09 spp.), Mikania (07 spp.), and Miconia (07 spp). The arboreal habit was predominant with 103 species (27.7%), followed by 83 shrubs (22.3%), 82 epiphytic herbs (22%), 80 terrestrial herbs (21.5%), and 23 lianas (6.5%). The floristic composition presents elements typical of altitude vegetation, including species of campos rupestres and high epiphytes richness, especially of the families Orchidaceae and Bromeliaceae. The genera with tropical distribution represent 86.5%, whereas the temperate elements represent 13.5% of the total. The cloud dwarf forests presented similarity, at the family and gender levels, with the upper montane forests of the Andes, besides phytogeographic characteristics that allow to associate them to a transition environment between the campos rupestres and the upper montane forests of the Southeast Region of Brazil

Flora vascular não-arbórea de uma floresta de grota na Serra da Mantiqueira, Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, Brasil

A região da Serra Negra constitui um importante remanescente de floresta atlântica situado no sul da Zona da Mata mineira, na Serra da Mantiqueira, composta por um mosaico de campos rupestres (nos afloramentos de quartzito) a arbustais nebulares, florestas estacionais semideciduifólias a perenifólias e florestas nebulares, de ambientes inferomontanos a superomontanos ripícolas a interfluviais. A área de estudo é um fragmento de floresta de grota (floresta perenifólia ripícola), de aproximadamente 0,9 ha, situada no Cânion do Ribeirão do Funil, na Vila do Funil, município de Rio Preto, localizada no sul da Serra Negra. O presente trabalho foi realizado entre os anos de 2004 e 2009 e teve como objetivos o conhecimento da flora vascular não-arbórea, a discussão dos hábitos e habitats das plantas e a descrição da fisionomia do fragmento. Foram registrados 157 táxons de plantas vasculares (sendo 41 pteridófitas e 116 angiospermas), pertencentes a 48 famílias (10 de pteridófitas e 38 de angiospermas). As famílias de maior riqueza específica foram Orchidaceae, dentre as angiospermas, com 27 espécies e Pteridaceae, dentre as pteridófitas, apresentando 11 espécies. O hábito mais representativo foi o herbáceo (124 spp.), destacando-se as espécies epífitas (42 spp.), que perfazem cerca de 25% de todas as espécies registradas na área. Doze espécies estão incluídas na lista de espécies ameaçadas de extinção no estado de Minas Gerais (duas pteridófitas e 10 angiospermas). O elevado número de espécies encontradas em uma área consideravelmente pequena ressalta a importância deste fragmento para a diversidade da Serra Negra e aponta para a necessidade de implantação de um plano de ação para sua conservação