A comparative application of flood routing models on the rivers Wear and Tees with special reference to the state variable model

An analysis of a number of flood routing methods has been carried out in this study. These methods are namely, the Muskingum-Cunge Method, the Variable Parameter Diffusion Method, the State Variable Kinematic Wave Model, and the state variable modelling of nonlinear Muskingum Model. The Muskingum-Cunge and Variable Parameter Diffusion Methods are recommended for use on British Rivers by the Natural Environment Research Council flood studies report, 1975.In using numerical flood routing model, it is very important to calculate the model parameters. For instance storage routing models require a suitable form of storage-discharge relationship. Past flow records were used for the above calculation. The state Variable Kinematic Wave Model has been applied for routing the flood hydrograph through river reaches. The stage and discharge are computed by a kinematic wave routing technique using the state variable approach in which the one-dimensional differential equations of unsteady flow are solved by state and output equations of the state variable model. The nonlinear Muskingum equation has been solved using the state variable modelling technique. Two parameter estimation techniques namely, Hooke-Jeeves and linear regression, are employed for the calibration of the nonlinear Muskingum model parameters (a, x, and m).The applicability of the flood routing model computer programs to different flood events of different seasons for reaches of both the Rivers Wear and Tees is demonstrated. Discriptions of the geology and hydrological data for reaches of both the Rivers Wear and Tees are given in this study. The computed and observed hydrographs of flood routing models used in this study are compared

Impact of Planting Distances and Humic Acid on Oat Avena sativa

A study was conducted at the Field Crops Research Station at College of Agriculture, University of Diyala during the season (2017-2018) to evaluate the effect of planting distances and spraying of a humic acid on the growth characteristics of Oats . The factorial experiment was carried out according to the complete randomized blocks design (RCBD) with three replicates and two factors, the first include planting distances (10-20-25 cm) between the plants and the second is spraying of the humic acid at a concentration of 2 and 4 ml / L. Results revealed that the distance (25 cm) between the plants had a significant effect on the studied traits such as number of leaves/plant 37.22 , number of panicle/ plant 5.67 ,  weight of 1000 grain 25.30 g,  grains yield 16.33 g, dry plant weight 28.33 g  , number of branches / plant 6.11  ,number of grains / plant 368.6 , protein (6.77), fat (1.84) and fiber (15.06), also the findings showed that the spraying of humic acid at a concentration of 4 ml / L was superior significantly in the studied traits viz, plant height 147.33 cm, number of branches/plant 5.67, number of leaves/plant 36.44, number of panicle/plant 5.11, grains yield 14.67 g,  dry plant weight   26.11 g,  number of grains/plant 371.7, weight of 1000 grains 24.52 g,  grain yield 1924 kg / h, protein (6.67), fat (1.80), fiber (14.60). Keywords: Oats, Humic acid, planting distance

Pollution Risk of water Quality on Human and Aquatic Life of Tigris River Reach in Mosul City / North Iraq

Considerable attention is now being paid to uses of rivers and lake for such purposes as domestic, fishing, aquatic life and esthetical enjoyment. Study of water quality for Tigris River reach of Length 24 Km. in Mosul city, North Iraq, was carried out in order to assess their chemical composition  and suitability for human and aquatic life. Laboratory analysis of 15 water samples for five sites within the river reach , were performed in order to obtain the chemical concentration of Ca, Na, Mg, HCO3, SO4, Cl, NO3, TDS and pH. Certain ions may be lethal to human and other aquatic life forms when present at levels near or below the limit give by public water supplies. Copper , zinc and aluminum which are not among the metals for which limits are prescribed for public water supply, are toxic to human and many other species of aquatic life. Concentration of chemical constituents in water samples vary spatially and temporarily due to the reaction with environment, solubility of salts and human activities that find it way to the river reach. The chemical analysis of water samples compared with the standard guideline values as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for human, fisheries and aquatic life. four samples of the right bank side and one sample of site 3 in the left bank side of the river reach are fall within the poor quality type water. While the other samples of the left bank side and the deepest part of the river reach are fall within the high quality type water

Educating the educators: Incorporating bioinformatics into biological science education in Malaysia

Bioinformatics can be defined as a fusion of computational and biological sciences. The urgency to process and analyse the deluge of data created by proteomics and genomics studies has caused bioinformatics to gain prominence and importance. However, its multidisciplinary nature has created a unique demand for specialist trained in both biology and computing. In this review, we described the components that constitute the bioinformatics field and distinctive education criteria that are required to produce individuals with bioinformatics training. This paper will also provide an introduction and overview of bioinformatics in Malaysia. The existing bioinformatics scenario in Malaysia was surveyed to gauge its advancement and to plan for future bioinformatics education strategies. For comparison, we surveyed methods and strategies used in education by other countries so that lessons can be learnt to further improve the implementation of bioinformatics in Malaysia. It is believed that accurate and sufficient steerage from the academia and industry will enable Malaysia to produce quality bioinformaticians in the future

THE ANTI-CATARACT EFFECT OF COENZYME Q10 IN RABBITS

Objective: cataract is the opacity of the lens which progressively impairs the light transmission to the retina and finally prevents the vision, these opacity result from the oxidative process in the eye. The study aimed to prevent opacity of the lens by using Coenzyme Q10 as eye drops.Methods: Sodium selenite 0.01w/v injected intravitreal to the rabbit's eye to induce the disease, a group of rabbits were receive Coenzyme Q10 eye drop, and another group received distilled water, pre and post induction, cataract maturity was measured to evaluate the opacity deterioration.Results: the group of rabbits that received distilled water after induction of cataract, the opacity occurred within 48-72 h and the mean score of opacity reached to (4±0.00), while Coenzyme Q10 treated group the degree of opacity was (1.5±0.02), and there was a highly significant difference (p<0.01).Conclusion: Coenzyme q10 has an antioxidant activity when use as eye drops and this effect enable Coenzyme Q10 to prevent the opacity which is the major cause of cataract due to oxidative stress

Fitting Statistical Distributions of Monthly Rainfall for Some Iraqi Stations

In this study three statistical distributions were fitted to thirteen Iraqi stations of monthly rainfall observations: Mosul, Kirkuk, Khanaqin, Ramadi, Baghdad, Karbala, Hilla, Najaf, Diwaniya, Samawa, Nasiriyah, Amara and Basrah for the period (1970-2010) for all stations except Ramadi (1981-2010) and Hilla (1980-2010). These distributions were: Normal, Gamma and Weibull distributions. Method of moments was used for estimating parameters and two goodness of fit test were used: Chi-Square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. Chi-Square test showed that Gamma distribution was suitable for five stations which were Ramadi, Baghdad, Hilla, Najaf and Samawa stations while, Normal and Weibull distributions were not suitable for any station. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that none of the three distributions was suitable for any station. Keywords: Rainfall in Iraq, Statistical distributions, Normal distribution, Gamma distribution, Weibull distributio

The application of activity-based costing and activity-based planning influences decision making / Hussein Mubark Salim Dhubea and Saleh Ahmed Al-Riami

This study provides information on the efficiency of decision making based on accurate information through the use activity-based costing (ABC) and activity based planning (APB). The results of this study provide additional insights for the management to adopt future strategic planning by controlling costs and invest in profitable projects. Furthermore, the results of the study will be helpful for all decision makers at all levels of the company. The findings of this study can contribute to the literature review