Trade theory, international outsourcing, and empirical analysis for Turkey.

TEZ10819Tez (Doktora) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2015.Kaynakça (s. 263-277) var.xiv, 289 s. : tablo ; 29 cm.Bu tez çalışmasında dünya ticaretinde önemi giderek artan ve uluslar arası ticaretin yeni ya da bir başka biçimi olarak nitelendirilen uluslararası outsourcing analiz edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda öncelikle uluslararası outsourcingin modellenmesine yönelik teorik yaklaşımlar ele alınmış ve uluslararası outsourcingin ticaret teorilerine eklemlenme süreci açıklanmıştır. Uluslararası outsourcingin ekonomik etkileri açıklandıktan sonra ise bu yeni ticaret biçiminin ölçümüne yönelik alternatif yaklaşımlara yer verilmiştir. Çalışmanın ampirik uygulama kısmında öncelikle Türkiye’de uluslar arası outsourcingin sektörel düzeyde önemi ve gelişimi incelenmiştir. Uluslar arası outsourcingin ölçülmesinde Türkiye ekonomisine ait girdi-çıktı tabloları ile Türkiye’nin dış ticaret istatistiklerinden yararlanılmıştır. Alternatif outsourcing göstergelerine dayalı ölçüm sonuçları 1995-2011 döneminde Türkiye’nin imalat sanayi genelinde ve ana metaller ve ulaşım araçları gibi önemli alt endüstrilerinde outsourcingin arttığını ortaya koymuştur. Çalışmada ayrıca aralarında Türkiye’nin de yer aldığı 31 ülkeli bir ülke örneklemi için outsourcingin belirleyicileri de analiz edilmiştir. Panel veri tahminine dayalı bulgular ışığında outsourcingin temel belirleyicilerinin ticaret maliyetleri ve döviz kuru olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ticaret maliyetlerindeki azalışların ve ulusal paradaki değerlenmelerin outsourcingi artırdığı gözlenmiştir.The purpose of this thesis is to analyse international outsourcing which has gained importance as a new form of trade in the world economy during the last decades. In this context, the theorethical models that evaluate international outsourcing in the context of trade theories have explained. The economic implications and mesurement methods of international outsourcing has also presented. The emprical section of this dissertation has devoted to investigate the development of international outsourcing in Turkey’s manufacturing industries by employing the input-output tables and trade statistics. The results based on various indicators have revealed an increasing trend of international outsourcing in manufacturing industry and it’s important sub industries such as basic metals and transport equipments. The main determinants of international outsourcing for the manufacturing industry of 31 countries have also investigated in the empirical section of this dissertation for the period 1995 to 2010. The empirical results of the panel data analysis have revealed that international outsourcing is mainly explained by the trade costs and exchange rate variables. Thus, a decrease in trade costs or an appreciation in national currencies has positive effect on the international outsourcing

The estimation of long run broad money demand (M2Y) in Turkey : Evidence from time varying parameters approach

Bu çalışmada reel para talebinin, reel gelir, faiz oranı, enflas- yon ve döviz kuru değişkenleri ile etkileşimleri ampirik olarak incelenmek suretiyle Türkiye ekonomisi için 1989Q1-2010Q4 döneminde uzun dönem reel para talebi fonksiyonu tahmin edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Analiz dönemi içerisinde Türkiye ekono- misinde gözlenen finansal krizler, yüksek enflasyon ve döviz kuru dalgalanmaları dikkate alınarak reel para talebi fonksiyo- nunun tahmininde geleneksel sabit katsayılı (ARDL Sınır Testi) tahmin yönteminin yanı sıra Kalman Filtre Tekniğine dayalı Zamanla Değişen Katsayılar modelinden yararlanılmıştır. İlk aşamada gerçekleştirilen sabit katsayılı ARDL Sınır Testi sonuç- ları reel para talebi ile reel gelir, faiz oranı, enflasyon ve döviz kuru değişkenleri arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişkinin varlığına işaret etmiştir. Değişkenler arasında saptanan bu uzun dönem ilişkisine dayanarak uzun dönem reel para talebi fonksiyonu ikinci aşamada zamanla değişen katsayılar yöntemi ile tahmin edilmiştir. Sonuçlar uzun dönemde reel para talebinin faiz ve enflasyondaki değişimlerden negatif, reel gelir ve döviz kurun- daki değişimlerden ise pozitif yönde etkilendiğini göstermek- tedir.This paper attempts to estimate the long run money demand for Turkish economy by examining the empirical relationship among real money, real income, interest rate, inflation and exchange rate. To this end, both constant (ARDL bounds test) and a time-varying coefficients model based on Kalman filter technique are employed over the period 1989Q1-2010Q4, characterized by financial crises, high inflation and exchange rate fluctuations in Turkey. ARDL bounds test results indicate that there is a long-run relationship between real money, real income, the exchange rate, inflation and interest rate. The long run relationship is finally estimated by a time-varying pa- rameters model. The estimation results show that both real income and exchange rate have positive effect on real money demand, whereas inflation and interest rate have a negative effect on real money demand

An empirical analysis of income velocity and the variability of money growth in Turkey: Evidence from asymmetric cointegration approach

WOS: 000310183300003An empirical analysis of income velocity and the variability of money growth in Turkey : Evidence from asymmetric cointegration approach Friedman (1984) claims that increased variability in the growth of money supply causes income velocity to decline and that an increase in uncertainty about the future course of monetary growth leads individuals to hold more money thus reducing income velocity. This paper attempts to test Friedman velocity hypothesis by examining the relationship between income velocity and monetary growth variability for Turkey during the period 1987Q1-2010Q3, using linear and nonlinear time series methods. To this end, both unit root and cointegration tests with structural break as well as asymmetric cointegration and error correction models proposed by Enders and Granger (1998), Enders and Siklos (2001) are employed. The empirical results indicate that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between income velocity and monetary growth variability derived from EGARCH model. Furthermore, the results of the asymmetric error correction model provide evidence of significant bi-directional causality between monetary growth variability and velocity

Investigating side effects of existing drugs used in Covid-19 treatment

Following the rapid spread and evolution of the novel Corona virus starting in December 2019, the lack of a vaccine or a medication that proved to be effective for Covid-19 was addressed as a major concern by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) [1]. Accordingly, physicians from countries like China and Korea rushed to provide some potential treatment for Covid-19 from their experience in treating patients of the novel Coronavirus - they used antiviral medications like lopinavir, ritonavir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, ribavirin, interferon, remdesivir, sofosbuvir, nitazoxanide, favipiravir, ivermectin, etc. [1]-[3]. These drugs showed improvement in conditions of Covid-19 patients when used individually, or sometimes using a combination of multiple of them. This does not mean that any combinations of these drugs could be beneficial. Some combinations can be lethal and may lead to increasing health risks or mortality. The drugs are being used in vitro (i.e., on cells in a laboratory for experiments) and vivo (i.e., on humans or animals as clinical trials). In vitro analysis, the chemical structure of the drug and the disease are analyzed to generate a hypothesis on the performance of the drug, then the hypothesis is tested in vivo to measure the actual performance of the drug on a living creature. Although these drugs showed promising results with proper dosage, overdose and incorrect combination with other drugs sometimes proved to be lethal. The effectiveness and side-effects of some of these drugs as reported by recent researchers and trials are described in this paper. We address some related research questions concerning the side effects of the covered drugs and their interaction with other drugs based on some well tested results extracted from approved web sites of drug-drug interactions. The findings are interesting and confirmed favipiravir as the most effective and safe compared to the others, and this coincides with and supports the announcement by Turkish Ministry of Health where favipiravir has been used in treating COVID-19 patients since the early days

Türkiye’de para talebi fonksiyonunun modellenmesi

Bu çalışmada 1987.1-2007.2 arası dönemde Türkiye’ de para talebinin belirleyicileri ve istikrarlılığı Johansen (1988) ve Johansen ve Juselius (1990) Çok Değişkenli Eşbütünleşme Analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Para talebi fonksiyonları, dar ve geniş (m1, m2, m2y) parasal büyüklükler, gelir, faiz, enflasyon ve döviz kuru değişkenleri ile alternatif modeller oluşturularak tahmin edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amaçlarından birisi para talebi için optimal parasal büyüklüğün tespiti iken diğeri ise ekonomik karar birimlerinin para tutum kararlarını etkileyen unsurları bir başka ifadeyle para talebinin belirleyicilerini ortaya koymaktır. Uygulama sonucu elde edilen bulgular dar kapsamlı parasal büyüklük tanımı m1 ile oluşturulan para talebi fonksiyonunun gelir, faiz ve/veya enflasyon değişkenleri ile istikrarlı bir ilişki içerisinde olduğunu göstermiştir. Etki-Tepki Analizleri ise dar para talebinin gelirden pozitif, faiz ve enflasyondan ise negatif yönde etkilendiğini doğrulamıştır.In this study the determinants and stability of money demand in Turkey are examined by Johansen (1988) and Johansen and Juselius (1990) Multivariate Cointegration Analysis for the period between 1987.1 and 2007.2. Money demand functions are being estimated by creating alternative models with narrow and wide (M1, M2, M2Y) monetary aggregates, income, interest rate, inflation and exchange rate. In this context, one of the aim of this study is detecting the optimal monetary aggregate for money demand, whilst other one is introducing the determinants of money demand. Findings show that money demand function with narrow monetary aggregate M1, is in a stable relationship with income, interest rate and/or inflation variables. Also impulse-response analysis confirms that marrow money demand is effected positively by income and negatively by interest rate and inflation

beta-catenin-independent noncanonical Wnt pathway might be induced in gastric cancers

Background/aims: Abnormal Wnt signaling is often observed in human cancers. Wnt5a is a representative Wnt ligand that can activate both P-catenin-dependent canonical and beta-catenin-independent noncanonical Wnt pathways. However, the role of Wnt5a in carcinogenesis is controversial. This study was designed to understand whether Wnt5a in the Wnt pathway and its key downstream molecules such as MMP-7 and beta-catenin are involved in gastric cancers. Methods: We analyzed the expressions of Wnt5a, MMP-7 and P-catenin genes in 40 primary gastric normal and tumor biopsies by RT-PCR and the subcellular localization of P-catenin by immunohistochemistry. Results: Our results showed a specific combination of genes expressed significantly in the gastric tumor tissues: 65% of the tumor samples containing non-nuclear p-catenin were Wnt5a-positive, 42.5% were MMP-7-positive, and 35% of the samples involved both. Interestingly, normal samples did not show any relevant coexpression of Wnt5a and MMP-7 in the beta-catenin-containing samples. Conclusions: These results suggest that the noncanonical Wnt pathway might be critically important in gastric carcinogenesis

Metallobeta-Lactamase Enzymes and Antibiotic Susceptibilities in Strains of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated from Intensive Care Units in Turkey

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of metallobeta-lactamase (MBL) enzyme in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant to carbapenem (imipenem or/and meropenem) in seven regions of Turkey and to assess the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels of drugs used in treatment such as colistin, aztreonam, polymyxin B and rifampin. Overall 186 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.aeruginosa) strains resistant to carbapenem from 8 provinces (Ankara, Konya, Antalya, Istanbul, izmir, Diyarbakir, Van and Trabzon) representing 7 different geographical regions of Turkey were included in the study. Material and Methods: The presence of MBL in P.aeruginosa strains resistant to carbapenem was investigated by combined disk methods with imipenem and EDTA absorbed imipenem disk. The MBL positivity was determined in the strains. Additionally, susceptibility to aztreonam, colistin, polymyxin B, and rifampin was established by the E-test method. Results: MBL enzyme positivity was detected in 58 out of 186 strains (31.2%). There was statistically significant difference between regions in terms of MBL positivity, with the highest rates in Antalya (52%), and Istanbul (50%) and the lowest in Diyarbakir (6%). Aztreonam sensitivity was detected in 134 (72%) strains; 155 (83.3%) were sensitive to colistin and 148 (79.6%) to polymixine. No strain (0%) was sensitive to rifampin. Conclusion: In conclusion, the overall mean rate of MBL positivity was 31.2%, which is quite high. Therefore, it will be beneficial to confirm the MBL positivity of strains with molecular methods, to review regional antibiotic surveillance data at certain intervals and to share the obtained data with relevant institutions in order to prevent the regional spread of these strains. Thus, it is essential to record and monitor systematically the antibiotic surveillance data

Metallobeta-Lactamase Enzymes and Antibiotic Susceptibilities in Strains of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated from Intensive Care Units in Turkey

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of metallobeta-lactamase (MBL) enzyme in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant to carbapenem (imipenem or/and meropenem) in seven regions of Turkey and to assess the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels of drugs used in treatment such as colistin, aztreonam, polymyxin B and rifampin. Overall 186 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.aeruginosa) strains resistant to carbapenem from 8 provinces (Ankara, Konya, Antalya, Istanbul, izmir, Diyarbakir, Van and Trabzon) representing 7 different geographical regions of Turkey were included in the study. Material and Methods: The presence of MBL in P.aeruginosa strains resistant to carbapenem was investigated by combined disk methods with imipenem and EDTA absorbed imipenem disk. The MBL positivity was determined in the strains. Additionally, susceptibility to aztreonam, colistin, polymyxin B, and rifampin was established by the E-test method. Results: MBL enzyme positivity was detected in 58 out of 186 strains (31.2%). There was statistically significant difference between regions in terms of MBL positivity, with the highest rates in Antalya (52%), and Istanbul (50%) and the lowest in Diyarbakir (6%). Aztreonam sensitivity was detected in 134 (72%) strains; 155 (83.3%) were sensitive to colistin and 148 (79.6%) to polymixine. No strain (0%) was sensitive to rifampin. Conclusion: In conclusion, the overall mean rate of MBL positivity was 31.2%, which is quite high. Therefore, it will be beneficial to confirm the MBL positivity of strains with molecular methods, to review regional antibiotic surveillance data at certain intervals and to share the obtained data with relevant institutions in order to prevent the regional spread of these strains. Thus, it is essential to record and monitor systematically the antibiotic surveillance data