La historia nacional como máscara en el discurso presidencial en México (2006-2012)

Patrick Charaudeau’s proposal, developed in Le discours politique. Les masques du pouvoir, to consider political discourse as the place par excellence for a game of masks serves to explore strategies through which, during the years 2006 to 2012 in Mexico, national history was used as a mask to justify militarization as a major strategy to fight against organized crime. The analysis also reveals how constant appeals to the hero of National Independence, José María Morelos y Pavón, are used as a pretext to glorify death as well as to justify and even praise presidential performance. La propuesta que Patrick Charaudeau formula en su libro Le discours politique. Les masques du pouvoir, para considerar al discurso político como el lugar por excelencia para un juego de máscaras, sirve para explorar de qué manera, durante los años de 2006 a 2012 en México, la historia nacional fungió como una máscara para justificar la militarización como principal estrategia para combatir al crimen organizado. Asimismo, se advierte cómo las constantes apelaciones al prócer de la Independencia Nacional, José María Morelos y Pavón, fueron utilizadas para glorificar la muerte e incluso para adular la gestión presidencial.A proposta que Patrick Charaudeau formula em seu livro Le discours politique. Les masques du pouvoir para considerar o discurso político como o lugar por excelência para um jogo de máscaras serve para explorar de que maneira, durante os anos de 2006 a 2012 no México, a história nacional funcionou como uma máscara para justificar a militarizaçao como principal estratégia para combater o crime organizado. Mesmo assim, destaca-se como as constantes apelações ao herói da Independência Nacional, José María Morelos y Pavón, foram utilizadas para glorificar a morte e inclusive para adular a gestão presidencial

Indígenas en la prensa mexicana en el contexto preelectoral de fines del foxismo

This paper presents the results of a quantitative and qualitative analysis of 189 news articles related to the indigenous population and published in fifteen Mexican newspapers during June and July 2005. The original aim was to identify traces of exclusion and discrimination against the indigenous population in the press, considering that journalistic discourse is a discourse of power capable of playing an important role in the reproduction of racist stereotypes. During the analysis, another element was clearly revealed: amidst a context marked by increasing political turmoil (which would eventually end in the presidential election in July 2006), the indigenous population of Mexico, their demands, their claims, their needs, were incorporated into the public agenda to create a favorable image of the political actors involved in the struggle to obtain the presidency.Este trabajo presenta los resultados de un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de un corpus conformado por 189 notas periodísticas referidas a población indígena, publicadas entre los meses de junio y julio de 2005, en quince diarios mexicanos. El objetivo inicial era detectar huellas de exclusión y de discriminación hacia los indígenas en el discurso periodístico, entendido como un discurso del poder que, como tal, desempeña un papel importante en la reproducción de estereotipos racistas. Conforme avanzó el análisis, otro elemento se hizo evidente: a la luz de un contexto marcado por la creciente efervescencia electoral (que detonaría en la campaña por la presidencia, en julio de 2006), la población indígena de México, sus demandas, sus reivindicaciones, sus necesidades, fueron incorporados en la agenda pública como elementos para crear una imagen favorable de los actores políticos involucrados en la contienda por la presidencia.Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma análise quantitativa e qualitativa de um corpus constituído de 189 artigos publicados entre os meses de junho e julho de 2005 em quinze jornais mexicanos com referências à população indígena. O objetivo inicial era detectar marcas de exclusão e discriminação em relação aos indígenas no discurso jornalístico, entendido como um discurso do poder que, como tal, desempenha um papel importante na reprodução de estereótipos racistas. Conforme avançou a análise, contudo, outro elemento tornou-se evidente: à luz de um contexto marcado pela crescente efervescência electoral (que culminaria na campanha presidencial, em julho de 2006), a população indígena do México, suas demandas, suas reivindicações e suas necessidades foram incorporadas à agenda pública como elementos para criar uma imagem favorável dos atores políticos envolvidos na disputa pela presidência

Una nueva tipología para analizar la prensa en México

Currently Mexico faces new circumstances: the irruption of a new political scenario as a result of the elections that took place in the year 2000, leaving behind seven decades of hegemony in the presidency; in second place, a fast going globalization and, finally, the growing influence of technology on the media, especially on written journals. Taking into consideration these new conditions, it seems convenient to review canonical procedures that for years guided the recopilation of corpus when working with journals: politically alligned to the right or to the left; national or local; serious or sensationalists. Criteria of rigid classification of the written media, placing them in different poles of the political, geographic or informative spectrum, are not valid anymore; therefore, it seems proper to review the typology of written newspapers.El México contemporáneo se enfrenta a nuevas circunstancias: la irrupción de esquemas políticos inéditos luego de que, a partir de las elecciones del año 2000, quedó atrás un sistema presidencial hegemónico, que se había perpetuado a lo largo de siete décadas; en segundo lugar la globalización acelerada a la cual nuestro país no es ajeno y, por último, la creciente influencia de la tecnología sobre los medios de comunicación, específicamente sobre la prensa escrita. Frente a estas nuevas circunstancias, es conveniente revisar las fórmulas canónicas que durante años guiaron la recopilación de acervos de periódicos: de derecha o de izquierda; de cobertura nacional o local; “serios” o sensacionalistas. Ya no parecen operativos estos criterios de rígida clasificación de la prensa en diferentes polos del espectro político, geográfico o informativo; por ello, es oportuno revisar la tipología para clasificarla.O México contemporâneo enfrenta novas circunstâncias: a irrupção de esquemas políticos inéditos depois de que, a partir das eleições do ano 2000, ficou para atrás um sistema presidencial hegemônico, que se tinha perpetuado ao largo de sete décadas; em segundo lugar a globalização acelerada a qual nosso país não está alheio e, por último, a crescente influência da tecnologia sobre os meios de comunicação, especificamente sobre a imprensa escrita. Frente a estas novas circunstâncias, é conveniente revisar as fórmulas canônicas que durante anos guiaram a recopilação de acervos de jornais: de direita ou de esquerda; de cobertura nacional ou local; “sérios” ou sensacionalistas. Já não aparecem funcionais estes critérios de rígida classificação da imprensa em diferentes pólos do espectro político, geográfico ou informativo; por isso, é oportuno revisar la tipologia para classificá-la.&nbsp

LAS DESIGUALDADES INTERMUNICIPALES DE LA CALIDAD DE VIDA Y SU INSERCIÓN EN LA PLANIFICACIÓN

Las limitaciones en el orden teórico metodológico de la planificación territorial impiden la realización de nuevos equilibrios distributivos a nivel local, que posibiliten la reducción de las desigualdades intermunicipales de la calidad de vida y acompañen la propuesta de actualización del modelo económico social cubano. Como consecuencia, el objetivo de la presente investigación radica en diseñar los fundamentos metodológicos para la identificación de las desigualdades intermunicipales de la calidad de vida, de forma que contribuya al perfeccionamiento de la planificación territorial. La novedad científica de la investigación está dada en la concepción e integración de los índices unidimensionales y multidimensionales de la calidad de vida cuantitativa y la calidad de vida percibida, a partir de los cuales, se determina el poder discriminatorio de las dimensiones e indicadores; la evaluación de los niveles de desigualdad; la posición de cada municipio dentro del contexto territorial, y la identificación de las características diferenciadoras de cada conglomerado, lo que permite proponer acciones desde la planificación territorial, encaminadas a la disminución de dichas desigualdades. La aplicación del procedimiento en la provincia Holguín demostró la viabilidad y utilidad de este análisis, así como su capacidad para medir, evaluar, explicar y focalizar las dimensiones e indicadores que deben ser objetos de prioridad dentro de los procesos de planificación territorial, con vista a reducir las desigualdades intermunicipales

Bacterial carbon demand and growth efficiency in a coastal upwelling system

Eleven culture experiments were conducted in the coastal upwelling ­system of the Ría de Vigo (NW Iberian Peninsula) by inoculating GF/C filtrated (10%) in 0.2 µm filtrated (90%) surface seawater collected under contrasting hydrographic conditions. Short-term (4 d) laboratory incubations were performed in the dark at 15°C. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, bacterial biomass (BB), bacterial production (BP) and electron transport system (ETS) activity were then monitored to: (1) study the course of bacterial carbon demand (BCD) and growth efficiency (BGE) during the incubation period; and (2) determine how BCD and BGE were linked with changing environmental conditions. Following the 4 d incubation, BP decreased by <4 times its initial values (range from 3 to 11 times) and ETS activity increased by 6 times its initial values (range from 1 to 75 times). As a result, BCD increased by 5 times (range from 1 to 16 times) and the BGE decreased by 15 times (range from 2 to 55 times) over the same period. BGE integrated over the 4 d incubation period ranged from 7 ± 1% to 55 ± 11% (mean ± SD: 27 ± 15%); integrated BGE increased significantly (R2 = 0.64, p < 0.003) with the initial concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), and decreased significantly (R2 = 0.55, p < 0.01) with the C:N ratio of the bioavailable dissolved organic matter (BDOM). A multiple linear regression with DIN and the C:N ratio of BDOM explained 89% of the observed variability in the integrated BGE, demonstrating the strong dependence of growth efficiency on nutrient conditions and the quality of the organic substrate feeding the community of this coastal embayment.This study was funded by fellowships to C.L. from the early-stage training site ECOSUMMER (MESTCT-2004-020501) and the Carlsberg Foundation.Peer reviewe

Effects of the photochemical transformation of dissolved organic matter on bacterial physiology and diversity in a coastal system

8 páginas, 2 tablas, 1 figuraThe effect of solar radiation on dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the subsequent impact of photo-altered DOM on bacterial activity and community structure were assessed during two experiments in the coastal system of the Ría de Vigo (NW Iberian Peninsula). After exposure of 0.2 μm filtered seawater for 3.5 days to dark and full sunlight, an inoculum of the bacterial community collected at the same time as the exposed water was added and the mixture was incubated for 4 days in the dark at 15 °C. Changes in bacterial production (BP), diversity (assessed by Fluorescence in situ hybridization) and electron transport system (ETS) activity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) and DOM humic-like absorption and fluorescence were followed. The exposure to sunlight had no effect on DOM concentrations while an average (±SD) decrease in DOM humic fluorescence of 45 ± 10% was found. The incubations with photo-altered DOM had lower BP (57 ± 11%), ETS (42 ± 9%) and bacterial carbon demand (BCD) (42 ± 8%) compared with the dark incubations, while bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) was unaffected. This suggests that DOM photo-alteration had a negative effect on bacterial metabolism in the study system. The bacterial growth on irradiated DOM resulted in a significant enrichment of the Gammaproteobacteria group compared with the dark control, indicating that solar exposure of DOM led to rapid changes in the bacterial community composition of the Ría de Vigo.This study was funded by fellowships to C.L from the early stage training site ECOSUMMER (MEST-CT-2004-020501) and the Carlsberg FoundationPeer reviewe

Microalgal Cultures for the Bioremediation of Urban Wastewaters in the Presence of Siloxanes

Microalgae are widely used in the bioremediation of wastewaters due to their efficient removal of pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Siloxanes are CECs that reach wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), leading to the production of biogas enriched with these compounds, associated with the breakdown of cogeneration equipment. The biological removal of siloxanes from wastewaters could be a sustainable alternative to the costly existing technologies, but no investigation has been performed using microalgal cultures for this purpose. This study evaluated the ability of Chlorella vulgaris to bioremediate primary (PE) and secondary (SE) urban effluents and remove volatile methylsiloxanes (VMSs). C. vulgaris grew successfully in both effluents, and approximately 86% of nitrogen and 80% of phosphorus were efficiently removed from the PE, while 52% of nitrogen and 87% of phosphorus were removed from the SE, and the presence of VMSs does not seem to have a negative influence on nutrient removal. Three out of the seven of the analysed VMSs were detected in the microalgal biomass at the end of the PE assay. However, dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) was the one that accumulated to a greater extent, since 48% of the initial mass of D6 was detected in the biomass samples. D6 is one of the most lipophilic VMSs, which might contribute to the higher adsorption onto the surface of microalgae. Overall, the results indicate C. vulgaris' potential to remove specific VMSs from effluents

Fotodegradação de esparfloxacino e isolamento de seus produtos de degradação utilizando CLAE

Sparfloxacin, a third generation fluoroquinolone derivative,is a potent antibacterial agent active against a wide range ofGram-positive and Gram-negative organisms including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillinresistant S. aureus, Legionella spp., Mycoplasma spp.,Chlamydia spp. and Mycobacterium spp. A drawback offluoroquinolones is their photoreactivity. Sparfloxacin hasbeen studied in terms of therapeutic activities. However, the reare few published of analytical methods being applied tosparfloxacin. The aim in this study was to determine the photodegradation products of sparfloxacin, when submittedto UV light, and to characterize two of these products,designated SPAX-PDP1 and SPAX-PDP2. An acceleratedstudy of stability in methanol solution was carried out byexposing a solution of sparfloxacin to UV light (peakwavelength 290 nm) for 36 hours at room temperature. Theproducts were analyzed by NMR spectrophotometry, IR spectrometry and mass spectrophotometry. The result ssuggest that the products isolated here could be used toestimate the degradation of sparfloxacin in a stability study. However, the low activity exhibited by UV-irradiated sparfloxacin is a source of concern that demands further investigation of the mechanism of its photodegradation mechanism.Esparfloxacino, fluorquinolona de terceira geração, é umpotente agente antibacteriano ativo contra Gram-positivos eGram-negativos, incluindo Streptococcus pneumoniae,Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus meticilina resistentes,Legionella spp., Mycoplasma spp., Chlamydia spp. eMycobacterium spp. Um aspecto importante dasfluorquinolonas é sua fotoinstabilidade. O esparfloxacino temsido amplamente estudado em termos de atividadesterapêuticas. Entretanto, poucos relatos a respeito de métodosanalíticos para esta quinolona são disponíveis na literatura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a fotoestabilidadede esparfloxacino submetido à luz UV, bem como caracterizar dois produtos, codificados como SPAX-PDP1 e SPAX-PDP2. Um estudo acelerado de estabilidade foi realizado submetendo-se o esparfloxacino a luz UV (comprimento de onda 290 nm) durante 36 horas em temperatura ambiente. Os resultados foram analisados por espectrofotômetro de massas, de RMN de 1H e de 13C e espectrometria na região de infravermelho. Os resultados sugerem que os produtos isolados podem ser usados para determinar a degradação de esparfloxacino em estudos de fotoestabilidade. No entanto, abaixa atividade do esparfloxacino submetido à luz UV demonstra a necessidade de investigações a respeito do mecanismo de fotodegradação deste fármaco

La anticorrupción como corrupción: contradicciones y complejos ideológicos en la política mexicana

A partir de la perspectiva de la semiótica social y de los estudios del discurso, se examina el papel de las contradicciones en los complejos ideológicos. El estudio de caso es el acto encabezado, en julio de 2016, por el entonces presidente de México, Enrique Peña Nieto, quien, luego de una crítica popular sin precedentes en torno a la corrupción, promulgó el Sistema Nacional Anticorrupción y, simultáneamente, pidió perdón por su actuación. Además de hacer un análisis semiótico del escenario y de los discursos pronunciados durante la ceremonia (a partir de formas macro-sintagmáticas y de un análisis lingüístico puntual), se hizo un análisis multimodal de las primeras planas de ocho diarios mexicanos publicados al día siguiente. Combinamos el concepto del complejo ideológico con el del ver como de Ludwig Wittgenstein (ejemplificado con la figura del pato-conejo), para explicar las contradicciones, exponer las estrategias discursivas e identificar puntos vulnerables en el discurso de la corrupción y la anticorrupción en México