Paysans-pêcheurs du terroir et marins-pêcheurs du parcours. Les géographes et l'espace aquatique

A partir d'une recherche de terrain menée en Casamance et d'une revue de la littérature sur la gestion des zones humides littorales tropicales, il est proposé une définition du concept d'espace aquatique. La diversité des agencements spatiaux engendrés par les communautés littorales conduit à opposer le "terroir aquatique" des paysans-pêcheurs au "parcours" des marins-pêcheurs. Le premier est défini comme une structure close, ancrée en des lieux et zones de pêche aux limites plus ou moins stables; le second est une structure ouverte, mobile, faite d'itinéraires et de réseaux. Cette distinction ouvre le débat sur la gestion des ressources renouvelables communes et contribue au débat sur les questions de l'espace, du terroir et du territoire. (Résumé d'auteur

Environmental changes, agricultural crisis and small-scale fishing development in the Casamance region, Senegal

Senegal is a West African country where the fishing industry is one of the most important sources of economic development. However, Senegal is currently experiencing a deep political and economic crisis, partly linked to the Sahel drought. In this context, international interventions have been necessary to sustain economy, in particular to ensure the survival of small-scale fisheries. The last 15 years have seen an increasing number of development projects in Casamance, the Southern region of Senegal. This paper examines these projects and their effects. First, artisanal fishery development at both national and regional level is discussed and its ecological, political, economic, social, and cultural implications are considered. Lastly, the short and long term future of small-scale fishing is discussed. (D'après résumé d'auteur

Participatory governance of Marine Protected Areas: a political challenge, an ethical imperative, different trajectories

The procedure for designating and establishing Marine Protected Areas (MPA) has changed profoundly since the 1990s, as a consequence of global changes and new dictates related to biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Far beyond protection of flagship species such as marine turtles and large marine mammals, the goal is now to conserve and even increase the services associated with coastal ecosystems to the benefit of all stakeholders. References to community management of resources, territorial solidarity, or environmental justice have become common. The political processes undertaken have nevertheless taken a range of different trajectories, since the stakeholders (private, public, NGOs, local collectives) have different interests; their standards and rules are often incompatible; the efficacy of the negotiation process is debatable. In this article, after questioning the legitimacy of MPA (to what extent are they useful tools ? —in responding to what aims?), the difficulties of putting into practice this new paradigm of participative governance is analysed and illustrated using three case studies of coastal Senegalese MPAs and the consequences of local intervention: the Saint Louis MPA, the Bamboung Community-Managed MPA in the Saloum Delta, and the Mangagoulack ICCA (Indigenous and Community Conserved Area) in Casamance. In conclusion, the principal lessons and perspectives of these approaches are presented

The importance and benefits of corporate social responsibility disclosure in the Libyan context: evidence from managers

This explains the importance and benefits for Libyan companies of engaging in corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD). The researchers have chosen the Libyan context as one of the world's developing countries and it has undergone many changes over a short period of time in terms of economic, environmental and social changes. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to collect data relating to CSRD in Libyan companies. Perceptions of financial managers interviewed as part of the study reveal that CSRD is important for company performance, not only in the developed countries but also in developing countries. This paper reveals that CSRD in the annual reports is very important in terms of attaining company objectives to: satisfy the interests of stakeholders; protect employee's interests; clarify the extent of contribution of the company in both CSR activities and CSRD; assist appropriate investment decisions. The perceived primary benefits of CSRD were enhanced company reputation, and increased financial performance. It also improves ability to attract foreign investors, and results in a higher level of consumer satisfaction leading to commercial benefits. Secondary benefits include demonstration of compliance with regulation and improved employee commitment

Approche socio-économique de l'exploitation du milieu aquatique casamançais

En Casamance, jusqu'à ces dernières années, s'opposent deux types de système d'exploitation du milieu aquatique : d'une part, en Basse Casamance, les eaux intérieures sont exploitées par les Diola, paysans-pêcheurs, au moyen de techniques traditionnelles (nasses, barrages, bassins piscicoles, cueillette des huîtres), dans le cadre d'une économie domestique. D'autre part, les formes de pêches modernes - que ce soit la pêche au filet dormant en mer ou la pêche à la crevette et à la senne en Moyenne Casamance ainsi que la filière du poisson frais et transformé - sont entre les mains de populations originaires des autres régions sénégalaises (Niominka, Toucouleur, Walo-Walo ...). (Résumé d'auteur

A General Modifier-based Framework for Inconsistency-Tolerant Query Answering

We propose a general framework for inconsistency-tolerant query answering within existential rule setting. This framework unifies the main semantics proposed by the state of art and introduces new ones based on cardinality and majority principles. It relies on two key notions: modifiers and inference strategies. An inconsistency-tolerant semantics is seen as a composite modifier plus an inference strategy. We compare the obtained semantics from a productivity point of view