In-Vitro Anthelmintic Efficacy Of Crude Aqueous Extracts Of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) Leaf, Stem And Root On Nematode

The anthelmintic efficacy of the aqueous extracts o neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf and stem and root barks against the hatching of eggs and the survival of larvae of nematode parasites of small ruminants were studied. The results of the in vitro egg hatch assay showed that the aqueous extracts of the leaf and stem bark produced significant anthelmintic effect through reduction in nematode egg hatch. The reduction in egg hatch was concentration dependent being highest (51 % and 50 % for the leaf and stem bark extracts respectively) at the highest concentration (100 mg/ml) of the extracts but inferior to those produced by albendazoe (100 % at 40 mg/ml). Aqueous extracts of the leaf and root bark produced significant reduction in larval survival within 60 minutes at ambienttemperature (30 – 35 ºC). Larval death was similar in both extracts and concentration dependent, increasing with increasing concentration of the leaf and root bark extracts. The reduction in larval survival due to the extracts was similar to that produced by albendazole. In general, the aqueous extract of neem leaf was more efficacious in limiting nematode larvae survival and in-vitro egg hatch. The results confirm the folkloric claims that neem has anthelmintic effect and thus suggest its possible usefulness as an anthelmintic. Keywords: Anthelmintic efficacy, Aqueous extract, Leaf, Stem, Root, Bark, Azadirachta indicaAnimal Research International Vol. 3 (3) 2006 pp. 549-55

Evaluation of anti-diarrhoeal activity of L-citrulline in mice

Background: L-citrulline is a naturally occurring physiological non-essential amino acid that plays an important role in the metabolism and regulation of nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is important for physiologic processes of gastrointestinal tract, like motility and absorption. L citrulline is majorly synthesized in the small intestine and considered safe for consumption. However, there is paucity of literature on its anti-diarrhoeal effects. Hence, this study investigated the anti-diarrhoeal activity of L-citrulline in mice.Methods: Anti-diarrhoeal and anti-enteropooling effects of L-citrulline were evaluated by inducing diarrhoea and enteropooling with castor oil. The effect of L-citrulline on normal intestinal motility was also evaluated using charcoal maker. L-citrulline (300 and 600 mg/kg) was administered to test groups, Loperamide (5 mg/kg) was administered to the positive control groups and Normal saline (2ml/kg) was administered to negative control groups. All administrations were via oral route. The results were analyzed using one-way Analysis of variance and Dunnett's post-hoc test.Results: The control groups in all parameters evaluated showed typical diarrhoeal signs. Diarrhoea protections of 93.33% and 55.49% were observed at 300 and 600 mg/kg of L-Citrulline, respectively. L-Citrulline inhibited fluid accumulation by 35.88% and 28.27% at 300 and 600 mg/kg, respectively. The mean percentage distance travelled by the charcoal maker was inhibited by 13.76% and 2.62% at 300 and 600 mg/kg, of L-citrulline, respectively. The observed antidiarrhoeal effects of L-citrulline could be attributed to its ability to inhibit both intestinal motility and fluid accumulation in the mice.Conclusion: This study has shown that L-citrulline possess some anti-diarrhoeal potentials. However, there is need for further anti-diarrhoeal studies using other models and lower graded doses of L-Citrulline to further elucidate L-Citrulline anti-diarrhoeal mechanism of action.Keywords: L-citrulline, anti-diarrhoeal activity, Loperamide, castor oi

Adoption and advantages of eco-friendly technology application at the Shallot farming system in Indonesia

ArticleThis study aimed to evaluate the benefits farmers obtained by adopting eco-friendly technologies on local shallot cultivation in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The technology applied includes; trap crops, biofertilizers (bokashi and mycorrhiza arbuscular) biopesticides (Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma sp.) and plastic mulch. Ninety-nine shallot farmers were selected, consisting of 35 farmers who applied the technology (adopters) and 64 farmers who did not (non adopters). Characteristics, rates of adoption, and benefits of both groups of farmers were measured and analyzed. The results showed that the level of technology adopted by the farmers was high and supported by farmer characteristics, particularly their age and education. The application of technology increases the production of shallots and the total profits of farmers by 29.5% and 79.1% respectively. In addition, adopters can reduce the costs of chemical inputs by around 69.5%. Therefore, the technology introduced provides multiple benefits for farmers; economically and environmentally

Analisis Dan Alternatif Solusi Lalu Lintas Di Bundaran Jalan Teuku Umar Denpasar

The volume growth of road traffic continues to increase rapidly especially in the city of Denpasar. This makes the traffic jam occurred in the city of Denpasar on rush hour, especially at Teuku Umar roundabout. The aim of research is to evaluate and find solustion occlusion at Teuku Umar roundabout. In the case try solution of traffic engineering and Development underpass .Data collection is done by a direct survey on six approaches at the foot of the roundabou at the peak hour of the morning, afternoon and evening. The captured data is the number of vehicles passing through the street that enter and roundabout exit. Analysis of the performance of the roundabout by using the guidelines Indonesia Highway Capacity Manual (MKJI) 1997. The results of the performance of the roundabout on the existing condition have average delay in roundabout 16,98 sec/hours at condition scenario 1 with traffic engineering average delay in roundabout drop to 8,07 sec/hours consequence incresing the number of venicles on Teuku Umar Timur street, Teuku Umar Barat street, Imam Bonjol street, Diponegoro street which degree of saturation before 0,43, 021, 0,55, 0,64 and after the traffic egineering rise to 0,58,0,24,0,66, 0,80. In scenario 2 with development underpass average delay in roundabout drop to 4,53 sec/hours and value is smaller than scenario 1 traffic engineering to overcome congestion at Teuku Umar roundabout its recommendation scenario 2 development underpass. Development underpaas could occur when land acquistion well prepared

Entanglement, Mixedness, and Spin-Flip Symmetry in Multiple-Qubit Systems

A relationship between a recently introduced multipartite entanglement measure, state mixedness, and spin-flip symmetry is established for any finite number of qubits. It is also shown that, within those classes of states invariant under the spin-flip transformation, there is a complementarity relation between multipartite entanglement and mixedness. A number of example classes of multiple-qubit systems are studied in light of this relationship.Comment: To appear in Physical Review A; submitted 14 May 200

948-46 Preserved Cardiac Baroreflex Control of Renal Cortical Blood Flow in Advanced Heart Failure Patients: A Positron Emission Tomography Study

Cardiac baroreflex (CBR) control of forearm blood flow (FBF) is blunted or reversed in humans with heart failure (HF). but little is known about CBR control of renal cortical blood flow (RCBF) in HF due to technical limitations. Positron emission tomography (PET) 0–15 water is a new, precise method to measure RCBF quantitatively. We compared CBR control of RCBF and FBF (venous plethysmography) in 8 patients with HF (mean age, 47±3 y, ejection fraction 0.25±0.02) and 10 normal humans (mean age 35±5 y) during CBR unloading with phlebotomy (450ml). In 5 normals, cold pressor test was used as a strong, non-baroreflex mediated stimulus to vasoconstriction.ResultsPhlebotomy decreased central venous pressure (p <0.001), but did not change mean arterial pressure or heart rate in HF patients or controls. The major findings of the study are: 1) At rest, RCBF is markedly diminished in HF vs normals (2.4±0.1 vs 4.3±0.2ml/min/g, p < 0.001). 2) In normal humans during phlebotomy, FBF decreased substantially (basal vs phlebotomy: 3.3±0.4 vs 2.6±0.3 ml/min/100 ml, p=0.021, and RCBF decreased slightly, but significantly (basal vs phlebotomy: 4.3±0.2 vs 4.0±0.3 ml/min/g, p=0.01). 3) The small magnitude of reflex renal vasoconstriction is not explained by the inability of the renal circulation to vasoconstrict since the cold pressor stimulus induced substantial decreases in RCBF in normals (basal vs cold pressor: 4.4±0.1 vs 3.7±0.1 ml/min/g, p=0.003). 4) In humans with heart failure during phlebotomy, FBF did not change (basal vs phlebotomy: 2.6±0.3 vs 2.7±0.2 ml/min/100 ml, p=NS), but RCBF decreased slightly but significantly (basal vs phlebotomy: 2.4±0.1 vs 2.1±0.1 ml/min/g, p=0.01). Thus, in patients with heart failure, there is an abnormality in cardiopulmonary baroreflex control of the forearm circulation, but not the renal circulationConclusionThis study 1) shows the power of PET to study physiologic and pathophysiologic reflex control of the renal circulation in humans, and 2) describes the novel finding of selective dysfunction of cardiac baroreflex control of the forearm circulation, but its preservation of the renal circulation, in patients with heart failur

A multi-photon Stokes-parameter invariant for entangled states

We consider the Minkowskian norm of the n-photon Stokes tensor, a scalar invariant under the group realized by the transformations of stochastic local quantum operations and classical communications (SLOCC). This invariant is offered as a candidate entanglement measure for n-qubit states and discussed in relation to measures of quantum state entanglement for certain important classes of two-qubit and three-qubit systems. This invariant can be directly estimated via a quantum network, obviating the need to perform laborious quantum state tomography. We also show that this invariant directly captures the extent of entanglement purification due to SLOCC filters.Comment: 9 pages, 0 figures, Accepted for publication in Physical Review

Remote sensing and GIS

Presented at the fifth international conference on irrigation and drainage, Irrigation and drainage for food, energy and the environment on November 3-6, 2009 in Salt Lake City, Utah.Includes bibliographical references.Managing water resources in western US has been a challenge for decision makers. In the last few decades, the rapid growth rates of population along with the alarming rates of global warming have added to the complexity of this issue. In this study, remote sensing techniques have been applied to evaluate the performance of agricultural irrigation, the largest consumptive user of water. The study area, "Palo Verde irrigation District" which is located in Riverside and Imperial counties, California, is an old irrigation district with a fairly heterogeneous cropping pattern. Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite images were used to estimate the actual ET using the SEBAL energy balance model. These estimates were integrated to obtain crop water demand for different periods throughout the growing season. The amount of diverted water was also estimated for the same periods, using flow measurements within the Palo Verde irrigation district. The results were analyzed within the ArcGIS environment in conjunction with water conveyance and field boundary layers to evaluate different performance indicators such as relative water supply, overall consumed ratio, depleted fraction, crop water deficit, and relative evapotranspiration. The results of these indicators can help irrigation managers to get a general idea of how the system performs and to identify possible ways of improving it