224 research outputs found

    The incidence of breast feeding on discharge from hospital of European, Coloured, Bantu and Indian infants

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    This paper is a report on the incidence of breast feeding on discharge from hospital of European, Coloured, Bantu and Indian infants. It also reports on the time when milk first came into the breasts of Bantu and Indian mothers

    Some social aspects of paediatrics

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    Activated polyhydroxyalkanoate meshes prevent bacterial adhesion and biofilm development in regenerative medicine applications

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    Regenerative medicine has become an extremely valuable tool offering an alternative to conventional therapies for the repair and regeneration of tissues. The re-establishment of tissue and organ functions can be carried out by tissue engineering strategies or by using medical devices such as implants. However, with any material being implanted inside the human body, one of the conundrums that remains is the ease with which these materials can get contaminated by bacteria. Bacterial adhesion leads to the formation of mature, alive and complex three-dimensional biofilm structures, further infection of surrounding tissues and consequent development of complicated chronic infections. Hence, novel tissue engineering strategies delivering biofilm-targeted therapies, while at the same time allowing tissue formation are highly relevant. In this study our aim was to develop surface modified polyhydroxyalkanoate-based fiber meshes with enhanced bacterial anti-adhesive and juvenile biofilm disrupting properties for tissue regeneration purposes. Using reactive and amphiphilic star-shaped macromolecules as an additive to a polyhydroxyalkanoate spinning solution, a synthetic antimicrobial peptide, Amhelin, with strong bactericidal and anti-biofilm properties, and Dispersin B, an enzyme promoting the disruption of exopolysaccharides found in the biofilm matrix, were covalently conjugated to the fibers by addition to the solution before the spinning process. Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the most problematic pathogens responsible for tissue-related infections. The initial antibacterial screening showed that Amhelin proved to be strongly bactericidal at 12 ΞΌg/ml and caused >50% reductions of biofilm formation at 6 ΞΌg/ml, while Dispersin B was found to disperse >70% of pre-formed biofilms at 3 ΞΌg/ml. Regarding the cytotoxicity of the agents toward L929 murine fibroblasts, a CC50 of 140 and 115 ΞΌg/ml was measured for Amhelin and Dispersin B, respectively. Optimization of the electrospinning process resulted in aligned fibers. Surface activated fibers with Amhelin and Dispersin B resulted in 83% reduction of adhered bacteria on the surface of the fibers. Additionally, the materials developed were found to be cytocompatible toward L929 murine fibroblasts. The strategy reported in this preliminary study suggests an alternative approach to prevent bacterial adhesion and, in turn biofilm formation, in materials used in regenerative medicine applications such as tissue engineering

    Роль Ρ…Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π² Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ-ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡƒΡŽ Π½ΠΈΡˆΡƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ‹

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    Π Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ сопровоТдаСтся Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ниши, котораясоздаСт благоприятныС условия для выТивания ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ„Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ. Одним ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… элСмСнтов ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ниши являСтся Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ костномозговых ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ-ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ-ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π°Π³ΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠ΅Π·Π΅Π½Ρ…ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ столовыС ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈ гСмопоэтичСскиС ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ-ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠœΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ упомянутых ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ рСгулируСтся рядом Ρ…Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ², Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ числС CCL2, CXCL12, MSP (macrophage stimulating protein) ΠΈ MIF (macrophage inhibitory factor). ЦСлью настоящСго исслСдования являлось ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ниши ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ‹. ИсслСдованиС Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π»ΠΎ 24 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… с ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ†ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ нСспСцифичСского Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ‹. Π’ суспСнзии ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ„Π»ΡŽΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ опрСдСляли содСрТаниС ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ-ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠšΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ Ρ…Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² CCL2, CXCL12, MSP ΠΈ MIF Π² Π²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΄ΠΎΡ„Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΡ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ДостовСрных Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΉ Π² содСрТании исслСдованных ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… популяций, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ…Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ взависимости ΠΎΡ‚ наличия ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ отсутствия Π»ΠΈΠΌΡ„ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… мСтастазов ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ°Π΄ΡŠΡŽΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ лСчСния, ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ. Π’ Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ врСмя, установлСна прямая коррСляционная связь ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ содСрТаниСм гСмопоэтичСских ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ-ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ CXCL12 ΠΈ MIF Π² ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ

    In situ Forming Hyperbranched PEGβ€”Thiolated Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels With Honey-Mimetic Antibacterial Properties

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    The rapidly increasing resistance of bacteria to currently approved antibiotic drugs makes surgical interventions and the treatment of bacterial infections increasingly difficult. In recent years, complementary strategies to classical antibiotic therapy have, therefore, gained importance. One of these strategies is the use of medicinal honey in the treatment of bacterially colonized wounds. One of the several bactericidal effects of honey is based on the in situ generation of hydrogen peroxide through the activity of the enzyme glucose oxidase. The strategy underlying this work is to mimic this antibacterial redox effect of honey in an injectable, biocompatible, and rapidly forming hydrogel. The hydrogel was obtained by thiol–ene click reaction between hyperbranched polyethylene glycol diacrylate (HB PEGDA), synthesized using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, and thiolated hyaluronic acid (HA-SH). After mixing 500Β Β΅L HB PEGDA (10%, w/w) and 500Β Β΅L HA-SH (1%, w/w) solutions, hydrogels formed in ∼60Β s (HB PEGDA/HA-SH 10.0–1.0), as assessed by the tube inverting test. The HB PEGDA/HA-SH 10.0–1.0 hydrogel (200Β Β΅L) was resistant to in vitro dissolution in water for at least 64Β days, absorbing up to 130Β wt% of water. Varying glucose oxidase (GO) amounts (0–500Β U/L) and constant glucose content (2.5Β wt%) were loaded into HB PEGDA and HA-SH solutions, respectively, before hydrogel formation. Then, the release of H2O2 was evaluated through a colorimetric pertitanic acid assay. The GO content of 250Β U/L was selected, allowing the formation of 10.8 Β± 1.4Β mmol H2O2/L hydrogel in 24Β h, under static conditions. The cytocompatibility of HB PEGDA/HA-SH 10.0–1.0 hydrogels loaded with different GO activities (≀ 500Β U/L) at a constant glucose amount (2.5Β wt%) was investigated by in vitro assays at 24Β h with L929 and HaCaT cell lines, according to DIN EN ISO 10993-5. The tests showed cytocompatibility for GO enzyme activity up to 250Β U/L for both cell lines. The antibacterial activity of HB PEGDA/HA-SH 10.0–1.0 hydrogels loaded with increasing amounts of GO was demonstrated against various gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and S. epidermidis), antibiotic-resistant gram-positive bacteria (MRSA and MRSE), gram-negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and A. baumanii), and antibiotic-resistant gram-negative strains (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) using agar diffusion tests. For all gram-positive bacterial strains, increasing efficacy was measured with increasing GO activity. For the two P. aeruginosa strains, efficacy was shown only from an enzyme activity of 125Β U/L and for E. coli and A. baumanii, efficacy was shown only from 250Β U/L enzyme activity. HB PEGDA/HA-SH 10.0–1.0 hydrogels loaded with ≀250Β U/L GO and 2.5Β wt% glucose are promising formulations due to their fast-forming properties, cytocompatibility, and ability to produce antibacterial H2O2, warranting future investigations for bacterial infection treatment, such as wound care

    An evaluation of the integration of non-traditional learning tools into a community based breast and cervical cancer education program: The witness project of Buffalo

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    BACKGROUND: Breast and cervical cancer continue to represent major health challenges for African American women. among Caucasian women. The underlying reasons for this disparity are multifactorial and include lack of education and awareness of screening and early detection. Traditional educational methods have enjoyed varied success in the African American community and spawned development of novel educational approaches. Community based education programs employing a variety of educational models have been introduced. Successful programs must train and provide lay community members with the tools necessary to deliver strong educational programs. METHODS: The Witness Project is a theory-based, breast and cervical cancer educational program, delivered by African American women, that stresses the importance of early detection and screening to improve survival and teaches women how to perform breast self examination. Implementing this program in the Buffalo Witness Project of Buffalo required several modifications in the curriculum, integration of non-traditional learning tools and focused training in clinical study participation. The educational approaches utilized included repetition, modeling, building comprehension, reinforcement, hands on learning, a social story on breast health for African American women, and role play conversations about breast and cervical health and support. RESULTS: Incorporating non-traditional educational approaches into the Witness Project training resulted in a 79% improvement in the number of women who mastered the didactic information. A seventy-two percent study participation rate was achieved by educating the community organizations that hosted Witness Project programs about the informed consent process and study participation. CONCLUSION: Incorporating non-traditional educational approaches into community outreach programs increases training success as well as community participation
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