Acute hepatic and renal toxicity assessment of Euphorbia huanchahana (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boissier (Huachangana) in Holtzman rats

Background: Euphorbia huachahana (Klotzch & Garcke) Boissier (Huachangana) (EhKGBh) has been used for over a century for medicinal purposes in the Peruvian population; however, its safety and possible toxic effects of use have not been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine the acute hepatic and renal toxicity of EhKGBh in Holtzman rats. Methods: Analytical and experimental study. The population consisted of 52 rats of both sexes weighing between 300 and 350 g divided into four groups: G1 and G2 EhKGBh groups (26 rats each) and two control groups (10 rats each). The experimental group was administered EhKGBh at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg P.O. to demonstrate toxicity during the 14-day follow-up. A daily assessment of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TBIL), and conjugated bilirubin (CBIL) was performed. Results: Evaluation of the liver tissue showed mild changes in inflammation, predominantly vascular, with small clots. Kidney tissue did not show inflammatory or necrotic changes. However, we showed differences in the weight of the rats between both groups (p < 0.004) and significant increases in TBIL (0.98–1.07 mg/dL), CBIL (0.43–0.45 mg/dL), AST (126.4–141.8 U/L), and ALP (254–298 U/L) but not ALT (39.7–41.1 U/L) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The single dose of EhKGBh extract at 2000 mg/kg has no toxicity, and there is no change in tissue toxicity during the 14-day follow-up.Campus Lima Centr

Genomes-based phylogeny of the genus Xanthomonas

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The genus <it>Xanthomonas </it>comprises several plant pathogenic bacteria affecting a wide range of hosts. Despite the economic, industrial and biological importance of <it>Xanthomonas</it>, the classification and phylogenetic relationships within the genus are still under active debate. Some of the relationships between pathovars and species have not been thoroughly clarified, with old pathovars becoming new species. A change in the genus name has been recently suggested for <it>Xanthomonas albilineans</it>, an early branching species currently located in this genus, but a thorough phylogenomic reconstruction would aid in solving these and other discrepancies in this genus.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here we report the results of the genome-wide analysis of DNA sequences from 989 orthologous groups from 17 <it>Xanthomonas </it>spp. genomes available to date, representing all major lineages within the genus. The phylogenetic and computational analyses used in this study have been automated in a Perl package designated Unus, which provides a framework for phylogenomic analyses which can be applied to other datasets at the genomic level. Unus can also be easily incorporated into other phylogenomic pipelines.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our phylogeny agrees with previous phylogenetic topologies on the genus, but revealed that the genomes of <it>Xanthomonas citri </it>and <it>Xanthomonas fuscans </it>belong to the same species, and that of <it>Xanthomonas albilineans </it>is basal to the joint clade of <it>Xanthomonas </it>and <it>Xylella fastidiosa</it>. Genome reduction was identified in the species <it>Xanthomonas vasicola </it>in addition to the previously identified reduction in <it>Xanthomonas albilineans</it>. Lateral gene transfer was also observed in two gene clusters.</p

Análisis comparativo del proceso de dirección estratégica entre los servicios de salud de la Región del Biobío

This Research, contains structurally the review the process of Strategic Management on the fi fth Health Services of the Biobío`s Region. This study was made by a review on the literature, what consider the concepts sees on this study, the key concepts are “Strategic Analysis”, “Strategic Planning”, “Strategies”, “Control” and “Guideline”. After to this revision, it will analyze the relevant information from each entity over study, with the purpose of conclude how the Strategic Management process has been leaded by each organism on study. All this analyze has been perform to get conclusions and recommend futures lines of action for this Service of Health, at the time to defi ne his strategies and how this are generated, defi ned and controlled for the acquire the strategic objectives.La investigación realizada, contempla estructuralmente la revisión del proceso de Dirección Estratégica de los cinco Servicios de Salud de la Octava Región. Este estudio fue realizado a partir de una revisión bibliográfi ca que repasa los conceptos incluidos en el este estudio, siendo claves los de Análisis Estratégico, Planifi cación Estratégica, Estrategias, Control, Directrices. Posterior a esta revisión se analizará la información relevante de cada entidad estudiada, con el propósito de concluir como el proceso de Dirección Estratégica fue llevado por cada entidad. Todo este análisis es realizado para concluir y recomendar futuras líneas de acción para cada Servicio de Salud, al momento de defi nir sus Estrategias y como estas son; generadas, defi nidas y controladas para la consecución de los objetivos estratégicos

Análisis comparativo del proceso de dirección estratégica entre los servicios de salud de la Región del Biobío

This Research, contains structurally the review the process of Strategic Management on the fi fth Health Services of the Biobío`s Region. This study was made by a review on the literature, what consider the concepts sees on this study, the key concepts are “Strategic Analysis”, “Strategic Planning”, “Strategies”, “Control” and “Guideline”. After to this revision, it will analyze the relevant information from each entity over study, with the purpose of conclude how the Strategic Management process has been leaded by each organism on study. All this analyze has been perform to get conclusions and recommend futures lines of action for this Service of Health, at the time to defi ne his strategies and how this are generated, defi ned and controlled for the acquire the strategic objectives.La investigación realizada, contempla estructuralmente la revisión del proceso de Dirección Estratégica de los cinco Servicios de Salud de la Octava Región. Este estudio fue realizado a partir de una revisión bibliográfi ca que repasa los conceptos incluidos en el este estudio, siendo claves los de Análisis Estratégico, Planifi cación Estratégica, Estrategias, Control, Directrices. Posterior a esta revisión se analizará la información relevante de cada entidad estudiada, con el propósito de concluir como el proceso de Dirección Estratégica fue llevado por cada entidad. Todo este análisis es realizado para concluir y recomendar futuras líneas de acción para cada Servicio de Salud, al momento de defi nir sus Estrategias y como estas son; generadas, defi nidas y controladas para la consecución de los objetivos estratégicos

Unsaturated long-chain free fatty acids are input signals of the Salmonella enterica PhoP/PhoQ regulatory system

The Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium PhoP/PhoQ system has largely been studied as a paradigmatic two-component regulatory system not only to dissect structural and functional aspects of signal transduction in bacteria but also to gain knowledge about the versatile devices that have evolved allowing a pathogenic bacterium to adjust to or counteract environmental stressful conditions along its life cycle. Mg2+ limitation, acidic pH, and the presence of cationic antimicrobial peptides have been identified as cues that the sensor protein PhoQ can monitor to reprogram Salmonella gene expression to cope with extra- or intracellular challenging conditions. In this work, we show for the first time that long chain unsaturated free fatty acids (LCUFAs) present in Salmonella growth medium are signals specifically detected by PhoQ. We demonstrate that LCUFAs inhibit PhoQ autokinase activity, turning off the expression of the PhoP-dependent regulon. We also show that LCUFAs exert their action independently of their cellular uptake and metabolic utilization by means of the β-oxidative pathway. Our findings put forth the complexity of input signals that can converge to finely tune the activity of the PhoP/PhoQ system. In addition, they provide a new potential biochemical platform for the development of antibacterial strategies to fight against Salmonella infections.Fil: Viarengo, Gastón. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Sciara, Mariela Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Salazar, Mario Oscar. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; ArgentinaFil: Kieffer, Pablo M.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Furlan, Ricardo Luis Eugenio. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; ArgentinaFil: Garcia Vescovi, Eleonora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentin

Effectiveness of the Dader Method for pharmaceutical care in patients with bipolar I disorder: EMDADER-TAB: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background Bipolar I disorder (BD-I) is a chronic mental illness characterized by the presence of one or more manic episodes, or both depressive and manic episodes, usually separated by asymptomatic intervals. Pharmacists can contribute to the management of BD-I, mainly with the use of effective and safe drugs, and improve the patient’s life quality through pharmaceutical care. Some studies have shown the effect of pharmaceutical care in the achievement of therapeutic goals in different illnesses; however, to our knowledge, there is a lack of randomized controlled trials designed to assess the effect of pharmacist intervention in patients with BD. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of the Dader Method for pharmaceutical care in patients with BD-I.Methods/design Randomized, controlled, prospective, single-center clinical trial with duration of 12 months will be performed to compare the effect of Dader Method of pharmaceutical care with the usual care process of patients in a psychiatric clinic. Patients diagnosed with BD-I aged between 18 and 65 years who have been discharged or referred from outpatients service of the San Juan de Dios Clinic (Antioquia, Colombia) will be included. Patients will be randomized into the intervention group who will receive pharmaceutical care provided by pharmacists working in collaboration with psychiatrists, or into the control group who will receive usual care and verbal-written counseling regarding BD. Study outcomes will be assessed at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after randomization. The primary outcome will be to measure the number of hospitalizations, emergency service consultations, and unscheduled outpatient visits. Effectiveness, safety, adherence, and quality of life will be assessed as secondary outcomes. Statistical analyses will be performed using two-tailed McNemar tests, Pearson chi-square tests, and Student’s t-tests; a P value <0.05 will be considered as statistically significant.Discussion As far as we know, this is the first randomized controlled trial to assess the effect of the Dader Method for pharmaceutical care in patients with BD-I and it could generate valuable information and recommendations about the role of pharmacists in the improvement of therapeutic goals, solution of drug-related problems, and adherence.Trial registration Registration number NCT01750255 on August 6, 2012. First patient randomized on 24 November 2011.The Pharmaceutical Promotion and Prevention Group received financial support from the Committee for Development Research, (CODI), and sustainability program (2013-2014), Universidad de Antioquia

Fluid therapy in neurotrauma: basic and clinical concepts

The patient with head trauma is a challenge for the emergency physician and for the neurosurgeon. Currently traumatic brain injury constitutes a public health problem. Knowledge of the various therapeutic strategies to provide support in the prehospital and perioperative are essential for optimal care. Rapid infusion of large volumes of crystalloids to restore blood volume and blood pressure quickly is now the standard treatment for patients with combined TBI and HS The fluid in patients with brain and especially in the carrier of brain injury is a critical topic; we present a review of the literature about the history, physiology of current fluid preparations, and a discussion regard the use of fluid therapy in traumatic brain injury and decompressive craniectomy