Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Correction : Chaparro et al. Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Spain: Large-Scale Epidemiological Study. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2885

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]

Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Spain : Large-Scale Epidemiological Study

(1) Aims: To assess the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Spain, to describe the main epidemiological and clinical characteristics at diagnosis and the evolution of the disease, and to explore the use of drug treatments. (2) Methods: Prospective, population-based nationwide registry. Adult patients diagnosed with IBD-Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) or IBD unclassified (IBD-U)-during 2017 in Spain were included and were followed-up for 1 year. (3) Results: We identified 3611 incident cases of IBD diagnosed during 2017 in 108 hospitals covering over 22 million inhabitants. The overall incidence (cases/100,000 person-years) was 16 for IBD, 7.5 for CD, 8 for UC, and 0.5 for IBD-U; 53% of patients were male and median age was 43 years (interquartile range = 31-56 years). During a median 12-month follow-up, 34% of patients were treated with systemic steroids, 25% with immunomodulators, 15% with biologics and 5.6% underwent surgery. The percentage of patients under these treatments was significantly higher in CD than UC and IBD-U. Use of systemic steroids and biologics was significantly higher in hospitals with high resources. In total, 28% of patients were hospitalized (35% CD and 22% UC patients, p < 0.01). (4) Conclusion: The incidence of IBD in Spain is rather high and similar to that reported in Northern Europe. IBD patients require substantial therapeutic resources, which are greater in CD and in hospitals with high resources, and much higher than previously reported. One third of patients are hospitalized in the first year after diagnosis and a relevant proportion undergo surgery

Design and implementation of support and planning for 360º recording. Recording techniques (video and audio) and problem solving: application to the recording of institutional and popular science videos. Part III

Proyecto de Innovación Docente que se ha traducido en empleabiliad de alguno de los alumnos participantesLa grabación 360º está introduciendo variaciones sustanciales en la forma de narrar y producir contenidos audiovisuales. La posibilidad de sumergir al espectador en un entorno totalmente inmersivo en el que cada punto de vista de atención es seleccionado por el propio espectador, implica un cambio de paradigma en el papel que ejerce el director o realizador como creador y narrador de los acontecimientos. Pero, en todo lo relacionado con la producción audiovisual, el dominio de la tecnología es fundamental para llegar a la excelencia. Resulta fundamental profundizar e investigar en todas las posibilidades técnicas antes de aplicarlo al mundo profesional. Llevamos trabajando desde el curso 2018-2019 en diseñar un protocolo que permita planificar creaciones de grabación 360º tanto en lo relacionado con el vídeo como con el audio. En el curso anterior, establecimos un protocolo y empezamos a colaborar con el proyecto nº 262 Innova-Docencia, “liderado por la profesora Dña. Teresa García Nieto, en el proyecto ‘Científic@s en prácticas’ mediante un convenio con el CSIC. El objetivo es crear producciones audiovisuales en 360º que divulguen la labor desarrollada en el organismo, integrando a los alumnos del Grado de Comunicación Audiovisual, con el objetivo de que aprendan esta técnica de grabación e implementen nuevas fórmulas narrativas asociadas a la misma. El proyecto ‘Científic@s en prácticas’ consiste en tratar de captar científicos entre alumnos preuniversitarios, por lo que creemos que la producción audiovisual puede servir de estímulo para que estos alumnos de la ESO puedan comprender la naturaleza de los objetivos del proyecto en el que participan. El proyecto resulta innovador por dos motivos principales: a) el alumnado aprende directamente sobre un proyecto real la aplicación de nuevas tecnologías de producción audiovisual y b) aprenden a elaborar protocolos mediante el aprendizaje de metodologías de investigación derivadas de aplicaciones y estudios sobre el proceso. Además, dada la novedad de esta tecnología 360º, ninguna asignatura del Grado de Comunicación Audiovisual aborda esta materia entre sus contenidos.360º filming is introducing substantial variations in the way audiovisual content is narrated and produced. The possibility of immersing the viewer in a totally immersive environment in which each point of view is selected by the viewer, implies a paradigm shift in the role of the director or producer as the creator and narrator of events. But, in everything related to audiovisual production, the mastery of technology is fundamental in order to achieve excellence. It is essential to delve into and investigate all the technical possibilities before applying it to the professional world. Since the 2018-2019 academic year, we have been working on designing a protocol that allows us to plan 360º recording creations both in terms of video and audio. In the previous academic year, we established a protocol and began to collaborate with project no. 262 Innova-Docencia, "led by the teacher Ms. Teresa García Nieto, in the project 'Científic@s en prácticas' through an agreement with the CSIC. The aim is to create 360º audiovisual productions that disseminate the work carried out in the organisation, integrating the students of the Audiovisual Communication Degree, with the objective that they learn this recording technique and implement new narrative formulas associated with it. The 'Scientists in practice' project consists of trying to recruit scientists among pre-university students, so we believe that audiovisual production can serve as a stimulus for these ESO students to understand the nature of the objectives of the project in which they are participating. The project is innovative for two main reasons: a) the students learn directly on a real project the application of new audiovisual production technologies and b) they learn to develop protocols by learning research methodologies derived from applications and studies on the process. Moreover, given the novelty of this 360º technology, no other subject in the Audiovisual Communication Degree includes this subject among its contents.Depto. de Ciencias de la Comunicación AplicadaFac. de Bellas ArtesFac. de Ciencias de la InformaciónFALSEsubmitte

Lo público. Un espacio en disputa

Rastrear los diferentes sentidos de lo público en la historia de la humanidad, es entrar en un terreno marcado por la polémica. Sus raíces y huellas son posibles de encontrar en la polis griega como en la res pública romana. Su fisonomía moderna está marcada, sin duda, por el pensamiento de Inmanuel Kant, quien de alguna manera delimitará el debate, que continuará en las reflexiones seminales de Jurgen Habermas sobre la esfera pública o en la crítica de Hannah Arendt a la distinción entre lo social y lo político. Trabajos que han dado la pauta a un conjunto amplio de reflexiones y que a su vez han generado una serie de respuestas, derivados, revisiones, comentarios y críticas al concepto de lo público, al punto que el debate ha desbordado los márgenes de la teoría política para desplegarse en variadas disciplinas, desde la sociología, el urbanismo, la geografía, la antropología, los estudios culturales y comunicacionales

GEODIVULGAR: Geología y Sociedad

Se incluyen los dos volúmenes resultantes de los concursos de relatos e Ilustración que han tenido lugar en el desarrollo del ProyectoDepto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y PaleontologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasFALSEsubmitte