New results on structure of low beta confinement Polywell cusps simulated by comsol multiphysics

AbstractThe Inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) is one of the ways for fusion approaches. It is one of the various methods which can be used to confine hot fusion plasma. The advantage of IEC is that the IEC experiments could be done in smaller size facilities than ITER or NIF, costing less money and moving forward faster. In IEC fusion, we need to trap adequate electrons to confine the desired ion density which is needed for a fusion reactor. Polywell is a device which uses the magnetic cusp system and traps the required amount of electrons for fusion reactions. The purpose of this device is to create a virtual cathode in order to achieve nuclear fusion using inertial electrostatic confinement (Miley and Krupakar Murali, 2014). In this paper, we have simulated the low beta Polywell. Then, we examined the effects of coil spacing, coils current, electron injection energy on confinement time

Within-field variations in sugar beet yield and quality and their correlation with environmental variables in the East of England

Spatial variability of sugar beet yield and quality within fields and their correlation with environmental variables was investigated in order to explore the potential for more precise agronomy. In three uniformly-managed, commercial sugar beet fields in the east of England spatial variation in the commercial value of the sugar yield ranged from £232 to £3320 per hectare. This variation was not random; there were high and low yielding patches in each field. Sugar beet root yield was positively correlated with the spatial distribution of crop plant population, soil organic matter and soil moisture, but negatively with weed density and canopy temperature. Correlations of sugar beet yield with soil type, elevation and soil available phosphate, potassium and magnesium were, however, inconsistent between the three fields and over two seasons. With respect to sugar beet quality, spatial variation in the amino acid and potassium concentrations in the sugar beet roots was associated with soiltype and elevation, whereas sugar percentage varied randomly in two of the fields. Interventions and research that could help to optimize yield on a spatially-variable basis are discussed

Iranian Parents\u27 Perceptions on Physical Activity for Their Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic is a remarkable health crisis that enforced most people to stay at home and quarantine for a period of time and seems to be having negative impacts on physical activity and mental health worldwide. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a deficit in social interaction characteristics, relationships, and stereotyped behaviors. This study examined Iranian parents’ perceptions of physical activity for their children with ASD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In this study, an explanatory qualitative methodology was used and data were collected via semi-structured phone interviews. The samples included 40 Iranian parents (aged 25-50 years) who had children with ASD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 Edition (DSM-5) criteria (aged 7-12 years). Results: The results showed that the parents observed their children’s physical activity to decrease greatly than before the pandemic. Parents experienced weight gain, increased anxiety, increased stereotypic behaviors, and decreased orderliness, communicative interactions, and social skills. The parents stated that, when their children were more active before the COVID-19 pandemic, they were more cheerful, more adaptable, and communicated more verbally. Parents believed that physical activities have positive effects on the development of their children’s physical health and behavior. They also reported some barriers to their children’s participation in physical activity. Conclusion: Participating in daily physical activity and support from parents were consequential factors in the promotion of their physical and behavioral health and the development of their independent performance and quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic

Brain putamen volume changes in newly-diagnosed patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is accompanied by cognitive, motor, autonomic, learning, and affective abnormalities. The putamen serves several of these functions, especially motor and autonomic behaviors, but whether global and specific sub-regions of that structure are damaged is unclear. We assessed global and regional putamen volumes in 43 recently-diagnosed, treatment-naïve OSA (age, 46.4 ± 8.8 years; 31 male) and 61 control subjects (47.6 ± 8.8 years; 39 male) using high-resolution T1-weighted images collected with a 3.0-Tesla MRI scanner. Global putamen volumes were calculated, and group differences evaluated with independent samples t-tests, as well as with analysis of covariance (covariates; age, gender, and total intracranial volume). Regional differences between groups were visualized with 3D surface morphometry-based group ratio maps. OSA subjects showed significantly higher global putamen volumes, relative to controls. Regional analyses showed putamen areas with increased and decreased tissue volumes in OSA relative to control subjects, including increases in caudal, mid-dorsal, mid-ventral portions, and ventral regions, while areas with decreased volumes appeared in rostral, mid-dorsal, medial-caudal, and mid-ventral sites. Global putamen volumes were significantly higher in the OSA subjects, but local sites showed both higher and lower volumes. The appearance of localized volume alterations points to differential hypoxic or perfusion action on glia and other tissues within the structure, and may reflect a stage in progression of injury in these newly-diagnosed patients toward the overall volume loss found in patients with chronic OSA. The regional changes may underlie some of the specific deficits in motor, autonomic, and neuropsychologic functions in OSA

Face Recognition System Based on Gabor Wavelets Transform, Principal Component Analysis and Support Vector Machine

Face Recognition is a well-known image analysis application in the branches of pattern recognition and computer vision. It utilizes the uniqueness of human facial characteristics for personnel identification and verification. For a long time, the recognition of facial expressions by using computer-based applications has been an active area of study to recognize face scheme through a face image database. It is used in a variety of essential fields of modern life such as security systems, criminal identification, video retrieval, passport and credit cards. In general, face recognition process can be summarized in three distinct steps: preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification. At first, histogram equalization and median filter are applied as preprocessing methods. Secondly, Gabor wavelets transform extracts the features of desirable facial characterized by, orientation selectivity, spatial locality, and spatial frequency to keep up the variations caused by the varying of facial expression and illumination. In addition to that, Principal Component Analysis methodology (PCA) is used in dimensionality reduction. At last, Support vector machine (SVM) is applied in classifying the feature of the image according to the classis of every mage. In order to test the approach used in this research, experiments were running on Yale database of 165 images from 15 individuals in MATLAB environment. The results obtained from the experiments confirmed the accuracy and robustness of the proposed system

Development of an Openfoam Solver for Numerical Simulation of Carbonization of Biomasses in Rotary Kilns

Carbonization is a key process to increase the energy density of high moisture-containing biomasses and biogenic wastes and to provide multipurpose raw chemicals for further applications. Steam-assisted carbonization is a kind of slow pyrolysis, in which wet biomass is treated continuously in superheated steam at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure. Rotary kiln reactors due to their flexibility and easy control of operating conditions are well suited for this process. In this work, a numerical simulation tool based on an Eulerian-Langrangian approach has been developed to simulate the carbonization of biomasses in rotary kiln reactors resolved in time and space by combining existing OpenFOAM features and developing new physical models. This study demonstrates the features of this extended and validated Eulerian-Lagrangian approach for simulating dense particulate multiphase flows in large-scale rotary kiln reactors. The focus is to use the new tool to aid the design of large-scale rotary kiln reactors by performing parameter studies. The simulations of this kind of large-scale reactors require large computational resources on supercomputers. Therefore, a further focus lies in different approaches to reduce the computational effort while keeping the accuracy at an acceptable level. By using the MP-PIC model, computing time increases linearly with the number of biomass particles instead of exponentially with the DPM model. The optimal cell size has been found to be about twice the largest particle diameter. By choosing the optimal domain decomposition method, simulation time can be reduced by a factor of 1/10. Introducing a solver frequency parameter to the DOM radiation model can help to reduce simulation times further by a factor of 1/8 while decreasing the accuracy by only 2%. Parallel scaling tests show good performance with over 1000 CPU cores. These results show that simulations with a total of 40,000 CPU-hours per studied case become feasible proving the developed solver to be an efficient tool for the design of rotary kiln reactors

Specific Effect of 5-Fluorouracil on α-Fetoprotein Gene Expression During the In Vitro Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are considered an important alternative to develop in vitro screening methods for embryotoxicity. Mouse ES cells can be cultured as cell suspension aggregates termed “embryoid bodies” (EBs) in which cells start to differentiate. We have studied the expression of several genes in the presence of a wide range of concentrations of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). This well-established embryotoxic compound completely inhibited cell viability at 200 nmol/L in monolayer cultures. At lower concentrations, 5-FU led to decrease in the expression of the α-fetoprotein gene, a marker of the visceral endoderm, in the EBs. However, the expression of several mesodermal gene markers was not significantly affected at these concentrations. These results suggest a high sensitivity of the visceral endoderm differentiation to 5-FU. Therefore, the quantification of the α-fetoprotein gene after exposure to potential embryotoxicants should be considered an additional end point in future embryotoxicity assays in vitro with ES cells

Review on Recent Developments in Laser Driven Inertial Fusion

Discovery of the laser in 1960 hopes were based on using its very high energy concentration within very short pulses of time and very small volumes for energy generation from nuclear fusion as “Inertial Fusion Energy” (IFE), parallel to the efforts to produce energy from “Magnetic Confinement Fusion” (MCF), by burning deuterium-tritium (DT) in high temperature plasmas to helium. Over the years the fusion gain was increased by a number of magnitudes and has reached nearly break-even after numerous difficulties in physics and technology had been solved. After briefly summarizing laser driven IFE, we report how the recently developed lasers with pulses of petawatt power and picosecond duration may open new alternatives for IFE with the goal to possibly ignite solid or low compressed DT fuel thereby creating a simplified reactor scheme. Ultrahigh acceleration of plasma blocks after irradiation of picosecond (PS) laser pulses of around terawatt (TW) power in the range of 1020 cm/s2 was discovered by Sauerbrey (1996) as measured by Doppler effect where the laser intensity was up to about 1018 W/cm2. This is several orders of magnitude higher than acceleration by irradiation based on thermal interaction of lasers has produced

An Eulerian-Lagrangian method for wet biomass carbonization in rotary kiln reactors

This study presents numerical simulations of rotary kiln reactors for wet biomass carbon-ization. For this, a numerical tool has been developed resolving the carbonization process in time and space. Biomass particles are represented by Lagrangian particles that collide and form a moving bed. The gas phase is treated as an Eulerian phase. Both phases are fully coupled with the exchange of momentum, energy, and mass of chemical species. The tool is implemented in the open-source OpenFOAM® framework and additional submodels for devolatilization, drying and radiation have been developed for the condi-tions relevant during the carbonization process. In this way, models for the complex physical processes are combined in a single simulation tool. A rotary kiln reactor of laboratory-scale is used to validate the numerical tool and to perform parameter studies to determine biomass conversion in dependence on the wall temperatures. The results also give insight into the sensitivity of biomass to carbon con-version with respect to the biomass moisture content and mass flow rate. The validated tool is used to perform simulations of an industrial-scale rotary kiln reactor, which are carried out on a supercomputer on up to 1120 CPU cores. The simulations demonstrate the effect of different wall temperatures on the optimal conversion of biomass to char and help to choose the optimal wall temperatures depending on the biomass properties