Characterization of Ti-6Al-4V Cellular Structures for Bone Scaffolds Application

Additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V cellular structures are the most popular metallic choices for bonetissue engineering (BTE) applications. In this work, laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF) technologywas employed to fabricate Ti-6Al-4V cellular structures with geometries mimicking human cancellousbone properties. This study introduces novel laser scanning strategies with their associated laserbased PBF processing parameters for the fabrication of fine resolution Ti-6Al-4V cellular structureswith tailored mechanical properties to improve their mechanical performance. Two distinct designedgeometries, diamond and dodecahedron, in four different pore sizes were manufactured byemploying three different laser-based PBF scanning strategies in combination with various laserpower and scanning speeds while the laser spot size (~80μm), average powder size (34μm), andlayer thickness (30μm) remained unchanged throughout the study. The observed finest resolution ofstruts for the manufactured cellular structures was 120μm. Later, correlations between laser-basedPBF processing parameters/scanning strategies and physical/mechanical properties wereinvestigated in this study. The properties of several fabricated dodecahedron structuresdemonstrated the ability to mimic human cancellous bone properties by exhibiting compressivestrength, modulus of elasticity, and porosity in the range of 0.1-30MPa, 0.01-3GPa, and 72.6-87.4%,respectively. The concluding remarks on conceivable propriety for BTE applications incorporated thesets of scanning strategies and particular unit cell sizes of dodecahedron cellular structure

Kraft lignin valorization by hydrotreatment over Mo-based sulfided catalysts

The production of green fuels and chemicals from bio-based feedstock can suppress the dependency on fossil resources and help mitigate global climate challenges. Kraft lignin is a thermochemically modified natural lignin obtained from the pulping process as a byproduct. It is an underutilized fraction, often used to recover heat and energy in the current industrial practice. Chemically, it is highly rich in aromatics and thus has a huge potential to provide platform chemicals/fuels. However, the major challenge in the valorization of Kraft lignin is its recalcitrance to depolymerization due to the presence of strong interunit carbon-carbon linkages. Also, upon depolymerization, active monomeric fragments undergo repolymerization reactions forming undesired solid residue/char, thus making the transformation highly challenging.In this context, Mo-based sulfide catalysts being sulfur tolerant and active for removing heteroatom-such as S, N, O, metals have been modified and studied with the aim to elucidate the selective cleavage of common lignin linkages, the hydrotreating potential of Kraft lignin, and upgrading of lignin derived bio-oil. The reactivity of lignin dimers, representing common lignin linkages, shows that NiMo sulfides over ultra-stable Y-zeolite support, with a higher amount of Br\uf8nsted acidity, can efficiently cleave both etheric and carbon-carbon linkages and yield deoxygenated aromatics and cycloalkanes by hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). Such hydrogenolysis, hydrocracking, and deoxygenation activity were also found to vary with the silica/alumina ratio of the Y-zeolites. The optimum activity was obtained with catalysts having a suitable balance of acidic and deoxygenation sites (metal sulfides). Additionally, one-pot hydrotreatment of Kraft lignin with a suitably functional catalyst shows a significant reduction in the repolymerization reactions, leading to a high yield of bio-oil rich in alkylbenzene and cycloalkane, a fraction suitable for example for jet fuel applications. Characterization reveals that the key function of a suitable catalyst is hydrogen activation at a lower temperature which facilitates stabilization of the lignin fragments, the moderate acidity of the catalysts, and high HDO activity of the catalyst. Furthermore, unsupported Ni/Mo-sulfides have been synthesized and found highly active for deoxygenation reaction and Kraft lignin hydrotreatment, resulting mainly from their defect-rich morphology.Conventional Mo-based sulfide catalysts thus can be tailored to enable their effective application in the upgrading of complex biorefinery feedstocks to value added components

Monitoring dan Kendali Charger Accu Berbasis Node-RED

Baterai/aki merupakan sebuah komponen yang menyimpan energi listrik yang didalamnya berlangsung proses elektrokimia yang reversible (dapat berkebalikan) pada efisiensi yang tinggi. Pada saat ini pengguna baterai aki tidak memperhatikan kinerja dari baterai aki itu sendiri, sehingga pada saat melakukan pengisian aki akan mengakibatkan terjadinya kerusakan elektrokimia pada aki tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini dilakukan yaitu untuk memudahkan kalibrasi cut – off pada sistem pengisian aki yang menggunakan batuan mikrokontroller sehingga dapat dipantau saat berpergian. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian rakayasa pengembangan dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh hasil yang menunjukkan bahwa alat yang digunakan dalam pengisian aki 12V dapat di monitoring menggunakan aplikasi node-RED. Adanya perbedaan pada tegangan dari tiga percobaan yang ditunjukkan pada rata-rata persentase eror sensor teganggan pada sensor INA 219 sebesar 0,23%. Perbedaan lainnya juga ditunjukkan pada arus saat pengisian aki dalam tiga percobaan yang telah dilakukan menggunakan sensor INA 219 sebesar 0,19%. Dari pernyataan tersebut, adapun saran yang ingin disampaikan oleh peneliti pada hasil penelitian ini yaitu diharapkan untuk memberi proteksi pada sensor INA 219 dan untuk pembacaan teganggan diharapkan menggunakan sensor yang hanya dapat membaca tegangan saja agar sesuai aki yang terisi penuh dapat terbaca teganggannya dengan sesuai. Kata kunci: Aki, Charger, Node-RED, Mikrokontroller

Quality in Teaching and Learning in Primary Public and Private Schools in Bangladesh

This study deals with the status of quality education in public and NGO primary schools in Bangladesh. Along with an examination of education policy of Bangladesh, it is an attempt to get knowledge of quality education implementation in classroom. This study is done in a qualitative way following purposive sampling. Two schools are considered as cases for the study. As such, observation, interviews and document analysis are used for data collection. Different stakeholders like students, teachers and education officials participated in the interviews. The quality education framework of the Global Monitoring Report (GMR) 2004 was considered as an analytical framework for the study. The framework was applied to discuss the findings of study in tandem with literature review

Analisis Kelimpahan Bakteri Pada Ikan, Substrat, Air Serta Es Yang Digunakan Pada Pengoperasian Minitrawl Di Perairan Pamekasan

Fish is a source of animal protein which is generally the choice of society because it is relatively cheap and easy to obtain. Fish that are sold in dead condition are prone to quality degradiation so that bacteria can easly breed. Data on the amount of bacteria in fish related to the type of gear to another which can greatly affect the quality of the catch. Therefore, this research was conducted using a Minitrawl. The research objective was to see the amount of bacteria in fish caught using a mini fishing boat before being given and after being notified by considering the amount of bacteria in the substrate in the waters, sea water and ice cubes used by fishermen. The TPC (Total Plate Count) research method using Tryptic soy Agar (TSA) as media and pathogenic bacteria using Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salt Sucrose Agar (TCBS) as media on fish “kardinal pita lebar” (Apogon fasciatus), sea water, substrate in the waters, and ice cubes that use for operating Minitrawl. The result of this research showed value TPC heterotrophic bacteria (TSA) which contaminated sample ITE (fish wihthout ice) 9,89 Log CFU/ml, IS (fish with ice) 9,85 Log CFU/ml, AL (sea water)  4,91 Log CFU/ml, S (substrate in the waters) 5,28 Log CFU/ml and ES (ice cubes that use for fishermen) 3,29 Log CFU/ml amount of pathogenic bacteria (TCBS) in ITE 5,27 Log CFU/ml , IS 3,24 Log CFU/ml,  AL 3,45 Log CFU/ml, S 1,78 Log CFU/ml, ES 3,87 Log CFU/ml,most highest amount is in the ITE with value of TPC heterotrophic bacteria (TSA) 9,89 Log CFU/ml and pathogenic bacteria (TCBS) 5,27 Log CFU/ml.  Ikan merupakan sumber protein hewani yang umumnya menjadi pilihan masyarakat karena memiliki harga yang relatif murah dan mudah didapat. Ikan yang dijual dalam kondisi telah mati rentan terhadap penurunan kualitasnya sehingga bakteri dapat dengan mudah berkembang biak. Data tentang kelimpahan bakteri pada ikan sehubungan dengan jenis alat tangkap perlu menjadi perhatian dengan mempertimbangkan metode penangkapan yang berbeda antara satu alat tangkap dengan alat tangkap lainnya yang sangat mungkin mempengaruhi kualitas hasil tangkapannya. Oleh karena itu, penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan MiniTrawl. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui kelimpahan bakteri pada ikan yang ditangkap menggunakan MiniTrawl sebelum diberi es dan sesudah diberi es dengan mempertimbangkan kelimpahan bakteri di substrat perairan dan es batu yang digunakan nelayan. Metode penelitian TPC (Total Plate Count) menggunakan media Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) dan bakteri patogen menggunakan media Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salt Sucrose Agar (TCBS) pada ikan kardinal pita lebar (Apogon fasciatus), air laut, substrat perairan dan es batu yang digunakan pada pengoperasian MiniTrawl. Hasil penelitian menujukkan nilai TPC bakteri heterotrof (TSA) yang mengkontaminasi sampel ITE (ikan tanpa es) 9,89 Log CFU/ml, IS (ikan dengan es) 9,85 Log CFU/ml, AL (air laut) 4,91 Log CFU/ml, S (substrat perairan) 5,28 Log CFU/ml dan ES (es batu yang digunakan nelayan) 3,29 Log CFU/ml. Kelimpahan bakteri patogen (TCBS) pada ITE 5,27 Log CFU/ml, IS 3,24 Log CFU/ml,  AL 3,45 Log CFU/ml, S 1,78 Log CFU/ml, dan ES 3,87 Log CFU/ml. Kelimpahan tertinggi yaitu pada ITE dengan nilai TPC bakteri heterotrof (TSA) 9,89 Log CFU/ml dan bakteri patogen (TCBS) 5,27 Log CFU/ml

Pembuatan Papan Komposit Berbahan Limbah Industri Kopi dan Plastik Bekas

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kualitas papan komposit hasil pengolahan limbah ampas kopi dan plastik bekas, serta komposisi dengan kualitas terbaik dari empat variasi komposisi berdasarkan SNI 03-2105-2006. Ampas kopi dipilih sebagai filler karena kandungan ligninnya yang tinggi (33,6%), plastik bekas High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) dipilih sebagai matriks karena sifat karakter mekanisnya lebih baik dibandingkan dengan jenis plastik lain, dan ditambahkan Maleat Anhidrida (MAH) sebagai compatibilizer. Empat variasi komposisi yang digunakan adalah 50:50; 40:60; 30:70; dan 20:80 untuk perbandingan matriks dan filler. Papan komposit dibuat dengan metode hot press pada suhu 180ºC, tekanan 25 kg/cm2, dan durasi hot press 20 menit. Metode uji dan standar nilai kualitas, meliputi nilai kerapatan, kadar air, pengembangan tebal, modulus elastisitas lentur, keteguhan tarik tegak lurus, dan kuat cabut sekrup mengacu pada SNI-03- 2105-2006. Hasilnya nilai kerapatan (0,63 – 0,79 g/cm3), kadar air (1,37 – 2,98%), pengembangan tebal (4,08 – 8,26%), modulus elastisitas lentur (3,77 x104 – 4,1x104 kgf/cm2), dan keteguhan tarik tegak lurus (5,33 – 19,46 kgf/cm2). Nilai yang belum memenuhi standar adalah nilai kuat cabut sekrup (20,12 – 27,9 kgf/cm2). Hasil tersebut menunjukkan lima dari enam parameter kualitas produk papan komposit telah memenuhi SNI-03-2105-2006. Komposisi dengan kualitas terbaik adalah perbandingan matriks:filler 50:50. Kata kunci: ampas kopi, HDPE, papan komposit, Maleat Anhidrida (MAH), daur ulang

Evaluation of yellow maize inbred lines for maturity and grain yield related traits using line×tester analysis

Thirty yellow maize inbred lines were selected from different source populations and planted in isolation with common male testers (YD-2 and YD-4) in 1:4:1 ratio at Cereal Crop Research Institute (CCRI) Pirsabak, Nowshera during spring-2014 (season–I). On the bases of best seed setting and other important traits, eighteen test-crosses were selected using line × tester approach. The developed 18 test-crosses, nine parental lines and two testers along with two check cultivars (Sarhad Yellow and CS2Y10) were grown in summer season-2014 (July – November) using two replications.Data were collected on various maturities and yield related traits via; days to pollen shedding, silking, ear height, plant height, 100-kernel weight, kernel row ear-1 and grain yield. Significant differences were observed among test-crosses for yield related traits mainly 100-kernel weight and grain yield. L-9 using YD-4 as a tester revealed minimum days to pollen shedding (50.5 days) and days to silking (52.5 days). L-3 using YD-2 as a tester recorded maximum plant height while, L-9 using YD-4 as a tester obtained maximum ear height and length. L-9 using YD-4 as a tester revealed high 100-kernel weight, grain yield and high GCA effect, while L-8 using YD-4 as a tester recorded high SCA effect for 100-kernel weight. L-9 exhibited high GCA effect for grain yield while, high SCA effect was obtained for L-2 using tester (YD-2). L-9 using tester YD-4 revealed maximum mid-parent and best-parent heterosis for ear length and grain yield. For maximum traits, L-9 was the best combiner followed by L-3 and L-6 using the same tester (YD-4) under conducted study

Hydrotreatment of lignin dimers over NiMoS-USY: effect of silica/alumina ratio

Sulfides of NiMo over a series of commercial ultra-stable Y zeolites were studied in an autoclave reactor to elucidate the effect of silica/alumina ratio (SAR = 12, 30, and 80) on the cleavage of etheric C-O (beta-O-4) and C-C (both sp(3)-sp(2) and sp(2)-sp(2)) linkages present in native/technical lignin and lignin derived bio-oils. 2-Phenethyl phenyl ether (PPE), 4,4-dihydroxydiphenylmethane (DHDPM), and 2-phenylphenol, (2PP) were examined as model dimers at 345 degrees C and 50 bar of total pressure using dodecane as the solvent. The etheric C-O hydrogenolysis activity was found to be in the order NiMoY30 > NiMoY12 > NiMoY80, despite a high initial rate of C-O cleavage over NiMoY12 owing to its high acid density. A high degree of hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) and hydrocracking reactions were observed with NiMoY30 yielding >80% of deoxygenated products of which similar to 58% are benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzenes. A similar experiment with DHDPM showed the rapid cleavage of the methylene-linked C-C dimer (sp(3)-sp(2)) to phenols and cresols even with the low acid density (high SAR) catalyst, NiMoY80. Direct hydrocracking of the recalcitrant 5-5 \u27 linkage in 2PP is very slow, however, it cleaved via a cascade of HDO, ring-hydrogenation, and hydrocracking reactions. A high degree of hydrogenolysis and hydrocracking occurs over NiMoY30 due to suitable balance between acidity and pore accessibility, enhanced proximity between acidic and deoxygenation sites leading to a slightly higher dispersion of Ni promoted MoS2 crystallites. Overall, the product spectrum consisted of a high yield of deoxygenated products. The carbon content on the recovered catalyst was in the range of 3-7 wt%. These results pave the way for effective catalysts to break recalcitrant linkages present in lignin to obtain a hydrocarbon-rich liquid transportation fuel. An experiment with Kraft lignin over NiMoY30 shows good selectivity for deoxygenated aromatics and cycloalkanes in the liquid phase

DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS CHARACTERISTICS AND DIFFERENCES IN TYPE 1 VERSUS TYPE 2 DIABETES PATIENTS

Background: Diabetes is undoubtedly one of the most challenging health problems of the 21st century. It is well known that diabetes once develop can lead to several complications. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the life-threatening complications of diabetes. This study was designed to determine the frequency of DKA in diabetes patients and find out the clinical and biochemical determinants of DKA. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH) Karachi, Pakistan from January 2010 to February 2016. All known or newly diagnosed diabetic patients of \u3e16 years of age irrespective of gender and type of diabetes were included. Information regarding patient’s demographics, presenting symptoms, precipitating causes of DKA, biochemical profiles and outcome at the time of discharge was collected. Results: Majority (54.7%) had moderate and 12.4% had severe DKA at presentation. Previous history of DKA was found higher in type 1 diabetes patients (T1DM) (14%) as compare to (4%) type 2 diabetes patients (T2DM) (p\u3c0.05). DKA severity was observed more (12%) in newly diagnosed (T1DM) (p\u3c0.05). Comorbidities were found more (81%) in (T2DM) (p\u3c0.05) Mortality was also observed higher in Type 2 diabetes patients (p\u3c0.05). Conclusion: Majority of the diabetics had moderate to severe DKA at presentation. Mortality and morbidity related with DKA was found considerably higher among patients with T2DM while infection, myocardial infarction and stroke found as triggering factors in these patients