Relationship between Reading and Writing in English as a Second Language in the Context of Performance, Perceptions and Strategy Use

This study investigated the relationship between reading and writing in terms of the performance, perception and strategy use of university ESL students. The subjects of the study were students of English language from the Faculty of Education at Sudan University of Science and Technology. The subjects attempted two reading tests and two writing tests to provide indicators of their performance that potentially reflected the reading and writing connection. They also responded to a structured questionnaire that investigated their perceptions about the connection between what they read and what they wrote to shed light on their affective responses towards the connection deemed important to foster language growth. From the subjects, 12 students were chosen based on the good readerlwriter and poor readerlwriter criterion and were asked to recall in writing two reading texts. They were also interviewed to investigate ESL learner strategy use in making this connection. The findings of the study showed that there was a relatively high degree of correlation between the students' reading and writing performance (r=O .741; p = .000). The findings also showed that the relationship between reading performance and writing performance differed according to the learners' levels of language proficiency which supports the bidirectional hypothesis. On the whole, the participants also showed positive attitudes towards integrating reading and writing skills. In response to the questionnaire, the students reported making connection between what they read and what they wrote by making notes/summary of what they had read, developing topics of their reading into paragraphs and using the main ideas of their reading texts to help them in their writing activities. However, the findings also showed that the culture of 'always-practising' good strategies appears to be underdeveloped among Sudanese tertiary students. Therefore, it is argued that further effort is needed on the part of instruction to help students improve the use of good reading and writing strategies. The analysis of the recall protocols also revealed that good writers recall better compared to good readers. Therefore, good writers are better readers in terms of recall compared to good readers. Accordingly, it is argued on the basis of the recall efforts that a good writer is more likely a better reader compared to a good reader being a better writer which further supports the results of the reading and writing performance tests as well as the analysis of the students' responses to the questionnaire. Furthermore, the students' interviews showed that all the interviewees practised some common strategies when reading and writing. Goodlpoor readers and goodlpoor writers prepared themselves for reading by checking the title and pictures first. However, good readers, poor readers and poor writers seemed to have similar plans for reading, whereas good writers had a clearer plan to approach reading (skimming for main ideas, scanning for details or reading the introduction first, among possible often strategies). There were however also no clear techniques used by the interviewees to generate ideas for their writing. The research shows a close connection between the constructs of reading and writing. It supports the contention that writing is generally the better indicator of reading ability. The findings point to work that can be done to nurture greater success in reading and writing abilities and to exploit the connections for the benefits of ESL language students

3-Aminopyrroles and their application in the synthesis ofpyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine (9-deazapurine) derivatives

3-Aminopyrrole derivatives have been synthesized from 3-anilino-2-cyanoacrylonitrile using Thorpe-Ziegler cyclization. These substituted pyrroles are readily converted into 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine (9-deazapurines).FEDERFundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT

Heterocyclic synthesis with nitriles: synthesis of pyridazine and pyridopyridazine derivatives

The reaction of MND with aryldiazonium chlorides followed by cyclization afforded the pyridazinimine derivatives. Reaction of the latter with another mole of malononitrile produce only pyrido[3,2-c]pyridazine derivatives. Reaction of 4-aminopyridazinone-3- carboxylic acid esters with malononitrile gave only pyridazine-3-carboxylic acid.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - POCTI-SFA-3-686, SFRH/BPD/31490/2006Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER

Synthesis of 3-indolylazoles and meridianin derivatives from indolyl enaminonitriles

The reaction of indole derivatives with cyanoacetic acid followed by treatment with DMFDMA gave the intermediate indolyl enaminonitriles (3). Further reaction with aminoguanidine yielded 5´-cyanomeridianin analogues (4). The same intermediate reacted with p-methoxyphenylhydrazine to give the pyrazolyl derivative (8). Treatment of (2E)-3-dimethylamino-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-propenoate (3a) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in basic medium afforded (5-amino-isoxazol-4-yl)-(1H-indol-3-yl)-methanone (5) and the acrylic acid derivative (6) after a short or a long heating, respectively. Unequivocal structural elucidation of the latter compound was achieved from single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - SFRH/BPD/31490/2006FEDER - REEQ/ 630/QUI/200

Synthesis of some novel pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives

Reaction of ethyl imidates derived from N-aryl-5-amino-4-cyanopyrazoles with amines or arylhydrazines gave only 4-substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines, resulting from cyclization followed by Dimroth rearrangement. From the reaction with arylhydrazines, a mixture of the hydrazines and their oxidized forms, the azo products, was obtained. This was proven by an independent synthesis starting from the corresponding 4-chloropyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines as starting material. The structures of the compounds obtained were confirmed by mass spectrometry, 1H and 13C NMR.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) - POCTI-SFA-3-686, SFRH/BPD/31490/2006FEDE

Synthesis of tacrine analogues derived from n-aryl-5-amino-4-cyanopyrazoles

Synthesis of eleven tacrine analogues derived from N-aryl-5-amino-4-cyanopyrazoles, by a Friedländer type reaction, is described. Their structures were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and/or mass spectrometry.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and FEDER (POCTI-SFA-3-686

Synthesis of new tacrine analogues from 4-amino-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile

An easy preparation of 4-aminopyrrole-3-carbonitrile derivatives, and their transformation into new substituted pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridines is described, in one step, via Friedländer reaction under microwave irradiation and classical heating methods. The use of microwave irradiation led to high conversion and shorter times.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - NMR Network, REEQ/ 630/QUI/2005, SFRH/BPD/31490/2006Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER

Response of sugarcane ratoons to nitrogen rates and methods of application in Guneid Sugar Scheme, Sudan

   Three experiments were conducted during the periods 2007 to 2013 at the farm of the Sugarcane Research Center-Guneid (SCRCG), Sudan. The objective was to investigate the response of sugarcane ratoon crops to different rates of nitrogen in the form of urea in addition to splitting the rate during the long season of sugarcane crop. The first experiment included 150, 200 and 250 kg urea/feddan            (feddan, f=4200m2). Treatments in the second experiment were zero, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg urea/ f, while the third experiment consisted of zero, 100, 150, 175 and 200 kg urea/f, for the first, second and third ratoons. The treatments of the second experiment were coupled with splitting the dose of urea versus the full dose       (two thirds at the age of 20 to 30 days; and one third at the age of three to four months). Treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates in experiment I and III and a factorial arrangement for experiment II with four replicates. The results revealed that there were no significant differences in yield components and total cane yield of the ratoon crop between the rates of nitrogen of the first experiment. In the second experiment, yield components and total cane yield increased significantly for rates of urea from zero to 100, 50 to 150 and 100 to 200 kg urea/ f. In the third experiment, only cane yield increased with the increase of N rate but significant only between zero and 150 to 200 kg urea/f in the first ratoon, zero and 100 to 200 kg urea /f in the second ratoon, and zero and 100; 100 and 150 to 200 kg urea/f in the third ratoon. Brix, pol% cane and ERS%, decreased significantly with the increased rate of N in all experiments. No significant differences in yield and quality parameters were found in response to splitting the rate of N. The rates of 150 and 200 kg urea/f seemed satisfactory for both cane and sugar yields for the ratoon crops.  However, under field conditions where many factors interact it is seen as advisable to have some N reserves. In this sense, 200 kg urea /f is recommended as the dose to be endorsed as an official dose for the ratoon crops in the Guneid Sugar Scheme. أجريت ثلاث تجارب (I وII و III) بمزرعة مركز بحوث قصب السكر- الجنيد، السودان خلال المواسم 2007 إلى 2013. هدفت الدراسة لبحث إستجابة محاصيل خلف قصب السكر لجرعات مختلفة من السماد الآزوتى (النيتروجين) في شكل يوريا، إضافة لتقسيم الجرعات خلال الموسم الطويل لقصب السكر. تضمنت التجربة الأولى الجرعات150 و200 و250 كجم يوريا للفدان (الفدان=4200م2). وكانت معاملات التجربة الثانية صفر و50 و100 و150 و200 كجم يوريا للفدان. بينما كانت معاملات التجربة الثالثة 100 و150 و175 و200 كجم يوريا للفدان. أجريت كل التجارب للخلفة الأولى والثانية والثالثة. أضيفت معاملة تقسيم الجرعة إلى معاملات التجربة الثانية حيث أضيفت ثلثا الجرعة في عمر خلفة القصب من 20 إلى 30 يوم و أضيف الجزء الأخير من الجرعة في عمر 3 إلى 4 شهور. وقد أستخدم تصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة مع أربعة مكررات في التجربة I وIII وتصميم عاملين بأربعة مكررات للتجربة II. أبانت النتائج عدم وجود إختلافات معنوية في إنتاجية القصب ومكوناتها لجرعات اليوريا 150 و200 و250 كجم للفدان للخلفة الأولى والثانية والثالثة للتجربة الأولى. وفي التجربة الثانية، زادت إنتاجية القصب  ومكوناتها معنويا بزيادة الجرعة من صفر إلى 50 و100 و150 و200 كجم يوريا للفدان.  بينما زادت فقط إنتاجية القصب في التجربة الثالثة بزيادة جرعة اليوريا ولكن كانت الزيادة معنوية فقط بين جرعة صفر و150 إلى 200 كجم للفدان في الخلفة الأولى، وبين صفر و100 إلى 200 كجم للفدان في الخلفة الثانية، وبين صفر و100 كجم للفدان، وبين 100 و150 و200 كجم للفدان في الخلفة الثالثة. نقصت مؤشرات جودة قصب السكر بصورة معنوية و أحيانا بصورة غير معنوية، بزيادة جرعة اليوريا بصورة عامة في كل الدراسة. لم تحدث فروقات معنوية في مكونات جودة وإنتاجية القصب في معاملة تقسيم الجرعة مقارنة مع إضافتها كاملة. في هذه الدراسة بدت الجرعتان 150 و 200 كجم يوريا للفدان مناسبتان لإنتاجية القصب والسكر لخلفات قصب السكر. إلا أنه في ظروف الحقل تتداخل عوامل كثيرة و يعتقد أنه من  الأوفق أن يكون هنالك زيادة إحتياطية من عنصر السماد النيتروجيني. وعليه يوصى بتبني جرعة 200 كجم يوريا للفدان لتطبق أساساً على محاصيل خلفات قصب السكر في مشروع سكر الجنيد بالسودان. &nbsp

Heterocyclic synthesis with nitriles: synthesis of pyrazolopyrimidine and pyrazolopyridine derivatives

The reaction of N1-substituted-5-amino-4-cyanopyrazoles with malononitrile and diethylmalonate occurs with formation of 6-substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines, and pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines respectively. The structures of the products and conceivable mechanisms are discussed.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - SFRH/BPD/31490/2006Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) - POCTI-SFA-3-68

CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION IN JORDANIAN HEALTHCARE SECTOR

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of creativity and innovation on the critical success factors of total quality management TQM implementation in the Jordanian healthcare sector. A survey conducted through distributing 377 questionnaires to healthcare managers working at six different Jordanian hospitals. 292 questionnaires were returned and the response rate was 77.4%. One way- ANOVA test was used to examine the difference in the patterns of creativity and innovation among healthcare managers with respect to the critical success factors of TQM implementation, and multiple regression analysis was conducted to test the impact of independent variable on dependent variables. The results found that there is a statistically significant difference between the different patterns of creativity and innovation concerning the critical success factors of TQM implementation. Additionally the study concluded for a positive and significant effect for the patterns of creativity and innovation on the critical success factors of TQM implementation (β=1.54, t=5.09, p=0.000)