Kinetics of Reaction Between Substituted Benzoyl Chlorides & Anilines in Benzene

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Long-Term Management of Esophageal Varices by Endoscopic Sclerotherapy (EST): A Review of 12 Years' Experience

A total of 566 patients with variceal bleeding caused by cirrhosis of the liver, noncirrhotic portal fibrosis (NCPF) and extrahepatic portal venous obstruction (EHO) were treated by repeated endoscopic injection sclerotherapy. This decreased rebleeding was evidenced by a reduction in mean bleeding risk factor and transfusion requirement. Both the factors were significantly (P < 0.001) decreased in all three groups of patients. Rebleeding occurred before eradication in 27.7% of patients with cirrhosis, 24.3% of those with NCPF, and 11% of those with EHO. Significantly more patients with cirrhosis and NCPF bled in comparison to EHO. Irrespective of the etiology, fewer patients of Child's A class bled than those of Child's B and C classes (P < 0.001). The median bleeding-free period was longer in patients with EHO than in those with cirrhosis (P < 0.05). This period was also significantly longer in Child's A class than in Child's B and the latter had a longer median bleeding-free period than Child's C class (P < 0.01). Variceal eradication was achieved in 80% of patients with cirrhosis, 87% of patients with NCPF, and 90% of patients with EHO. The success of variceal eradication was higher in EHO patients in contrast with patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Similarly, eradication was better in Child's A class patients than in Child's B and C class patients. Recurrence of varices and complications were not influenced by the Child's status or etiology of portal hypertension. The probability of survival at 10 years was higher in patients with EHO (88%) and NCPF (80%) than in patients with cirrhosis (50%). Similarly, patients with Child's A (88%) status survived longer than those with Child's B (42%) status, and patients with Child's B status had a longer survival than Child's C status patients (0%). Thus, endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy appears to be a useful procedure for the long-term management of patients after an esophageal variceal bleeding irrespective of the etiology of portal hypertension

K-shell ionization of atoms by electron and positron impact

In the plane-wave Born approximation (PWBA), scaling relations for K-shell generalized oscillator strengths and energy-loss cross sections of atoms are given. The total K-shell ionization cross sections, obtained at high impact energy, are used to obtain the Bethe collisional parameter cK for atoms ranging from carbon to gold. These values of cK are, in general, significantly different from those obtained previously with the help of Fano plots at relatively low impact energies. Furthermore, using Hippler’s modification of the PWBA [Phys. Lett. A 144, 81 (1990)], total K-shell ionization cross sections of various atoms by electron and positron impact are calculated over a wide energy range. The electron-impact ionization cross sections for light atoms are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data

Nature of consciousness in Hindu philosophy.

The study of Hindu Philosophy has so far been dominated by a purely historical interest, and not infrequently, it is more a time-honoured specific system than a philosophical problem in general which has attracted the scholar. The study of Hindu metaphysics, viewed from this standpoint alone is inadequate, since it fails to reveal all the consequences and possibilities which once appreciated, would demonstrate India's true contribution to the history of Philosophy in general. Hence the present study endeavours to trace one problem - that of the Nature of Consciousness through the pre-systematic and systematic times, and sets forth and estimates the respective views of the leading schools of thought on this problem. By a critical examination of divergent views on consciousness, it is maintained that consciousness cannot be either a product of unconscious substances, or a 'guna' or 'Karma' of the Atman, as held by the materialists, the realists, and the semi-idealists, like Prabhakara and Ramanuja. It is the very 'svarupa' or the indestructible essence of the Atman, and ultimately, the two terms 'self' and 'consciousness' are synonymous. Consciousness exists independently and unconditionally as the basic postulate of all knowledge and experience. Epistemologioally, consciousness is unique, 'anyad-eva' in as much as it is self-cognised without being an object of cognition. 'svaprakasa'. It is directly and immediately intuited by 'aparoksajnAna'. Psychologically, by a study of the problems of self-consciousness, it is revealed that, the usual distinctions within consciousness, of the knower and the known presuppose the reality of a higher and distinctionless consciousness which is devoid both of object-consciousness and ego- consciousness. This ultimate and undifferentiated consciousness persists undestroyed also in deep sleep. Transcendentally, an unchanging consciousness as 'saksi' and 'Akarta' is shown to be above experience; it is in contrast with the changing fluctuations of the empirical consciousness. Finally, by an examination of the theories of relationship between the transcendental and the phenomenal consciousness, it is suggested that the logical unsolvability of the problem from the intellectual level makes room for a supra-logical vision of the Truth. In conclusion, the distinctive Hindu peculiarities of these speculations are stressed in contrast with the speculations of the Western Thought

Patient safety in dentistry: development of a candidate 'never event' list for primary care

Introduction The 'never event' concept is often used in secondary care and refers to an agreed list of patient safety incidents that 'should not happen if the necessary preventative measures are in place'. Such an intervention may raise awareness of patient safety issues and inform team learning and system improvements in primary care dentistry. Objective To identify and develop a candidate never event list for primary care dentistry. Methods A literature review, eight workshops with dental practitioners and a modified Delphi with 'expert' groups were used to identify and agree candidate never events. Results Two-hundred and fifty dental practitioners suggested 507 never events, reduced to 27 distinct possibilities grouped across seven themes. Most frequently occurring themes were: 'checking medical history and prescribing' (119, 23.5%) and 'infection control and decontamination' (71, 14%). 'Experts' endorsed nine candidate never event statements with one graded as 'extreme risk' (failure to check past medical history) and four as 'high risk' (for example, extracting wrong tooth). Conclusion Consensus on a preliminary list of never events was developed. This is the first known attempt to develop this approach and an important step in determining its value to patient safety. Further work is necessary to develop the utility of this method