Feature representations useful for predicting image memorability

Predicting image memorability has attracted interest in various fields. Consequently, prediction accuracy with convolutional neural network (CNN) models has been approaching the empirical upper bound estimated based on human consistency. However, identifying which feature representations embedded in CNN models are responsible for such high prediction accuracy of memorability remains an open question. To tackle this problem, this study sought to identify memorability-related feature representations in CNN models using brain similarity. Specifically, memorability prediction accuracy and brain similarity were examined and assessed by Brain-Score across 16,860 layers in 64 CNN models pretrained for object recognition. A clear tendency was shown in this comprehensive analysis that layers with high memorability prediction accuracy had higher brain similarity with the inferior temporal (IT) cortex, which is the highest stage in the ventral visual pathway. Furthermore, fine-tuning the 64 CNN models revealed that brain similarity with the IT cortex at the penultimate layer was positively correlated with memorability prediction accuracy. This analysis also showed that the best fine-tuned model provided accuracy comparable to the state-of-the-art CNN models developed specifically for memorability prediction. Overall, this study's results indicated that the CNN models' great success in predicting memorability relies on feature representation acquisition similar to the IT cortex. This study advanced our understanding of feature representations and its use for predicting image memorability

Supercurrent Distribution in Real-Space and Anomalous Paramagnetic Response in a Superconducting Quasicrystal

We theoretically study the real-space distribution of the supercurrent that flows under a uniform vector potential in a two-dimensional quasiperiodic structure. This is done by considering the attractive Hubbard model on the quasiperiodic Ammann-Beenker structure and studying the superconducting phase within the Bogoliubov-de Gennes mean-field theory. Decomposing the local supercurrent into the paramagnetic and diamagnetic components, we numerically investigate their dependencies on average electron density, temperature, and the angle of the applied vector potential. We find that the diamagnetic current locally violates the current conservation law, necessitating compensation from the paramagnetic current, even at zero temperature. The paramagnetic current shows exotic behaviors in the quasiperiodic structure, such as local currents which are oriented transversally or reversely to that of the applied vector potential.Comment: 14 pages, 11 figure

Different growth and metastatic phenotypes associated with a cell-intrinsic change of Met in metastatic melanoma

A dynamic phenotypic change contributes to the metastatic progression and drug resistance in malignant melanoma. Nevertheless, mechanisms for a phenotypic change have remained to be addressed. Here, we show that Met receptor expression changes in a cell-autonomous manner and can distinguish phenotypical differences in growth, as well as in metastatic and drug-resistant characteristics. In metastatic melanoma, the cells are composed of Met-low and Met-high populations. Met-low populations have stem-like gene expression profiles, are resistant to chemotherapeutic agents, and have shown abundant angiogenesis and rapid tumor growth in subcutaneous inoculation. Met-high populations have a differentiated phenotype, are relatively resistant to B-RAF inhibitor, and are highly metastatic to the lungs. Met plays a definitive role in lung metastasis because the lung metastasis of Met-high cells requires Met, and treatment of mice with the Met-containing exosomes from Met-high cells facilitates lung metastasis by Met-low cells. Clonal cell fate analysis showed the hierarchical phenotypical changes from Met-low to Met-high populations. Met-low cells either showed self-renewal or changed into Met-high cells, whereas Met-high cells remained Met-high. Clonal transition from Met-low to Met-high cells accompanied changes in the gene expression profile, in tumor growth, and in metastasis that were similar to those in Met-high cells. These findings indicate that malignant melanoma has the ability to undergo phenotypic change by a cell-intrinsic/autonomous mechanism that can be characterized by Met expression

Different growth and metastatic phenotypes associated with a cell-intrinsic change of Met in metastatic melanoma

A dynamic phenotypic change contributes to the metastatic progression and drug resistance in malignant melanoma. Nevertheless, mechanisms for a phenotypic change have remained to be addressed. Here, we show that Met receptor expression changes in a cell-autonomous manner and can distinguish phenotypical differences in growth, as well as in metastatic and drug-resistant characteristics. In metastatic melanoma, the cells are composed of Met-low and Met-high populations. Met-low populations have stem-like gene expression profiles, are resistant to chemotherapeutic agents, and have shown abundant angiogenesis and rapid tumor growth in subcutaneous inoculation. Met-high populations have a differentiated phenotype, are relatively resistant to B-RAF inhibitor, and are highly metastatic to the lungs. Met plays a definitive role in lung metastasis because the lung metastasis of Met-high cells requires Met, and treatment of mice with the Met-containing exosomes from Methigh cells facilitates lung metastasis by Met-low cells. Clonal cell fate analysis showed the hierarchical phenotypical changes from Met-low to Met-high populations. Met-low cells either showed self-renewal or changed into Met-high cells, whereas Met-high cells remained Met-high. Clonal transition from Met-low to Met-high cells accompanied changes in the gene expression profile, in tumor growth, and in metastasis that were similar to those in Met-high cells. These findings indicate that malignant melanoma has the ability to undergo phenotypic change by a cell-intrinsic/autonomous mechanism that can be characterized by Met expression

Studies of Enlargement of Farm Management in the Steep Slope Region of Mountainous Area : I. Research of the Actual Conditions of Farming with Special Reference of Dairying

わが国では酪農の規模は一般に小さく,特に急傾斜地体では粗飼料生産が酪農の規模拡大の制限因子となっており,酪農経営の規模は小さい. この研究調査は急傾斜地体の農業経営の規模拡大による所得増加の方法を研究するための基礎調査として徳島県脇町暮畑地区の8戸の酪農経営につき行なったものである

Studies of Enlargement of Farm Management in the Steep Slope Region of Mountainous Area : II. A Plan for Farm Management in the Steep Slope by Linner Programming Method

急傾斜地の農業経営の安定をはかり,農家の所得を増すために,徳島県美馬郡脇町暮畑部落について,2ヵ年間の農業経営の実態調査に基き,線型計画法によって将来の営農設計を行なった. この地区に適し,現在の基幹作目となっている稲作,煙草,乳牛について単体表を作成し,電子計算機を用いて計算した. この結果,他の作目は土地,労働力,その他の制約が大きいので利益を増すには,酪農の規模を拡大することがもっとも有利であることが示された. 高度の飼養,管理技術を前提とするならば,酪農の規模は粗飼料の給与率を低くする程,その拡大が可能であり,利益の増加をもたらすことが示された

Two-Baryon Potentials and H-Dibaryon from 3-flavor Lattice QCD Simulations

Baryon-baryon potentials are obtained from 3-flavor QCD simulations with the lattice volume L ~ 4 fm, the lattice spacing a ~ 0.12 fm, and the pseudo-scalar-meson mass M_ps =469 - 1171 MeV. The NN scattering phase shift and the mass of H-dibaryon in the flavor SU(3) limit are extracted from the resultant potentials by solving the Schrodinger equation. The NN phase shift in the SU(3) limit is shown to have qualitatively similar behavior as the experimental data. A bound H-dibaryon in the SU(3) limit is found to exist in the flavor-singlet J^P=0^+ channel with the binding energy of about 26 MeV for the lightest quark mass M_ps = 469 MeV. Effect of flavor SU(3) symmetry breaking on the H-dibaryon is estimated by solving the coupled-channel Schrodinger equation for Lambda Lambda - N Xi - Sigma Sigma with the physical baryon masses and the potential matrix obtained in the SU(3) limit: a resonant H-dibaryon is found between Lambda Lambda and N Xi thresholds in this treatment.Comment: 22 pages, 11 figures, Version accepted to publish on Nucl. Phys.