Lightweight MobileNet Model for Image Tempering Detection

In recent years, there has been a wide range of image manipulation identification challenges and an overview of image tampering detection and the relevance of applying deep learning models such as CNN and MobileNet for this purpose. The discussion then delves into the construction and setup of these models, which includes a block diagram as well as mathematical calculations for each layer. A literature study on Image tampering detection is also included in the discussion, comparing and contrasting various articles and their methodologies. The study then moves on to training and assessment datasets, such as the CASIA v2 dataset, and performance indicators like as accuracy and loss. Lastly, the performance characteristics of the MobileNet and CNN designs are compared. This work focuses on Image tampering detection using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and the MobileNet architecture. We reviewed the MobileNet architecture's setup and block diagram, as well as its application to Image tampering detection. We also looked at significant literature on Image manipulation detection, such as major studies and their methodologies. Using the CASIA v2 dataset, we evaluated the performance of MobileNet and CNN architectures in terms of accuracy and loss. This paper offered an overview of the usage of deep learning and CNN architectures for image tampering detection and proved their accuracy in detecting manipulated images

Effect Of Bacillus Subtilispriming On Growth And Pigment Composition Of Tomato Seedlings (Lycopersicum Esculantum Cv. Pusa Ruby) Under Different Levels Of Polyethylene Glycolstress Conditions

Objective: to explore the quantitative changes in photosynthetic pigments of Lycopersicum esculantum cv. Pusa Rubyseedlings to inoculation with Bacillus subtilis(ATCC No.: 11774) under different levels of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) stress using sustainable techniques such as priming with PGPB strain Bacillus subtilis. Methods: This study was performed at laboratorycondition with Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Pusa ruby seeds as factorial experimentunder Randomized Complete Design (CRD) with fourreplications. Effect ofdrought stress induced by different per cent level ofPEG 6000 treatments on drought tolerance in Bacillus subtilis primed tomato seedlings was studied. In this experiment, twentyBacillus subtilis primed tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Pusa ruby) seeds were placed in each per cent of PEG mediated drought stress treatment. One set without Bacillus subtilis primed tomato seeds were also treated with different level of PEG 6000 (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30%) mediated drought stress to observe the effect of Bacillus subtilis priming. Results: Radicle protrusion (%), opening of cotyledonary leaves (%) was increased in tomato seeds primed with culture of Bacillus subtilis as compared to not-primed tomato seeds under PEG 6000 mediated drought stress at 0-25% and 0-15% respectively. Furthermore, the growth response parameters of viz. fresh weight (g) and dry weight (g) tomato were increased in tomato seeds primed with culture of Bacillus subtilis as compared to not-primed tomato seeds under PEG 6000 mediated drought stress (0-20%). Chl a andChl b content was higher in tomato seeds primed with culture of Bacillus subtilis as compared to not-primed tomato seeds under PEG 6000 mediated drought stress (0-20%). Furthermore, the carotenoid (mg g-1) quantity was increased in tomato seeds primed with culture of Bacillus subtilis as compared to not-primed tomato seeds under PEG 6000 mediated drought stress (0-5%). Whereas, the quantity of anthocyanin (mg g-1) was increased in tomato seeds primed with culture of Bacillus subtilis as compared to not-primed tomato seeds under PEG 6000 mediated drought stress (0-15%). Conclusion:Bacillus subtilis (ATCC No.: 11774) could be successfully used to enhance fruit production and fruit quality of tomato plants grown under controlled conditions

A Novel Hybrid AI Federated ML/DL Models for Classification of Soil Components

The soil is the most fundamental component for the survival of any living thing that can be found on this planet. A little less than 41 percent of Indians are employed in agriculture, which accounts for approximately 19 percent of the country's gross domestic product. As is the case in every other industry, researchers and scientists in this one are exerting a lot of effort to enhance agricultural practices by utilising cutting-edge methods such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, big data, and so on. The findings of the study described in this paper are predicated on the assumption that the method of machine learning results in an improvement in the accuracy of the prediction of soil chemical characteristics. The correlations that were discovered as a result of this research are essential for comprehending the comprehensive approach to predicting the soil attributes using ML/DL models. A number of findings from previous study have been reported and analysed. A state of the art machine learning algorithm, including Logistic Regression, KNN, Support Vector Machine and Random Forest are implemented and compared. Additionally, the innovative Deep Learning Hybrid CNN-RF and VGG-RNN Model for Categorization of Soil Properties is also implemented along with CNN. An investigation into the significance of the selected category for nutritional categorization revealed that a multi-component technique provided the most accurate predictions. Both the CNN-RF and VGG-RNN models that were proposed were successful in classifying the soil with average accuracies of 95.8% and 97.9%, respectively, in the test procedures. A study was carried out in which the CNN-RF model, the VGG-RNN model, and five other machine learning and deep learning models were compared. The suggested VGG-RNN model achieved superior accuracy of classification and real-time durability, respectively

Dolutegravir twice-daily dosing in children with HIV-associated tuberculosis: a pharmacokinetic and safety study within the open-label, multicentre, randomised, non-inferiority ODYSSEY trial

Background: Children with HIV-associated tuberculosis (TB) have few antiretroviral therapy (ART) options. We aimed to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir twice-daily dosing in children receiving rifampicin for HIV-associated TB. Methods: We nested a two-period, fixed-order pharmacokinetic substudy within the open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority ODYSSEY trial at research centres in South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. Children (aged 4 weeks to <18 years) with HIV-associated TB who were receiving rifampicin and twice-daily dolutegravir were eligible for inclusion. We did a 12-h pharmacokinetic profile on rifampicin and twice-daily dolutegravir and a 24-h profile on once-daily dolutegravir. Geometric mean ratios for trough plasma concentration (Ctrough), area under the plasma concentration time curve from 0 h to 24 h after dosing (AUC0–24 h), and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) were used to compare dolutegravir concentrations between substudy days. We assessed rifampicin Cmax on the first substudy day. All children within ODYSSEY with HIV-associated TB who received rifampicin and twice-daily dolutegravir were included in the safety analysis. We described adverse events reported from starting twice-daily dolutegravir to 30 days after returning to once-daily dolutegravir. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02259127), EudraCT (2014–002632-14), and the ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN91737921). Findings: Between Sept 20, 2016, and June 28, 2021, 37 children with HIV-associated TB (median age 11·9 years [range 0·4–17·6], 19 [51%] were female and 18 [49%] were male, 36 [97%] in Africa and one [3%] in Thailand) received rifampicin with twice-daily dolutegravir and were included in the safety analysis. 20 (54%) of 37 children enrolled in the pharmacokinetic substudy, 14 of whom contributed at least one evaluable pharmacokinetic curve for dolutegravir, including 12 who had within-participant comparisons. Geometric mean ratios for rifampicin and twice-daily dolutegravir versus once-daily dolutegravir were 1·51 (90% CI 1·08–2·11) for Ctrough, 1·23 (0·99–1·53) for AUC0–24 h, and 0·94 (0·76–1·16) for Cmax. Individual dolutegravir Ctrough concentrations were higher than the 90% effective concentration (ie, 0·32 mg/L) in all children receiving rifampicin and twice-daily dolutegravir. Of 18 children with evaluable rifampicin concentrations, 15 (83%) had a Cmax of less than the optimal target concentration of 8 mg/L. Rifampicin geometric mean Cmax was 5·1 mg/L (coefficient of variation 71%). During a median follow-up of 31 weeks (IQR 30–40), 15 grade 3 or higher adverse events occurred among 11 (30%) of 37 children, ten serious adverse events occurred among eight (22%) children, including two deaths (one tuberculosis-related death, one death due to traumatic injury); no adverse events, including deaths, were considered related to dolutegravir. Interpretation: Twice-daily dolutegravir was shown to be safe and sufficient to overcome the rifampicin enzyme-inducing effect in children, and could provide a practical ART option for children with HIV-associated TB

Neuropsychiatric manifestations and sleep disturbances with dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy versus standard of care in children and adolescents: a secondary analysis of the ODYSSEY trial

BACKGROUND: Cohort studies in adults with HIV showed that dolutegravir was associated with neuropsychiatric adverse events and sleep problems, yet data are scarce in children and adolescents. We aimed to evaluate neuropsychiatric manifestations in children and adolescents treated with dolutegravir-based treatment versus alternative antiretroviral therapy. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of ODYSSEY, an open-label, multicentre, randomised, non-inferiority trial, in which adolescents and children initiating first-line or second-line antiretroviral therapy were randomly assigned 1:1 to dolutegravir-based treatment or standard-of-care treatment. We assessed neuropsychiatric adverse events (reported by clinicians) and responses to the mood and sleep questionnaires (reported by the participant or their carer) in both groups. We compared the proportions of patients with neuropsychiatric adverse events (neurological, psychiatric, and total), time to first neuropsychiatric adverse event, and participant-reported responses to questionnaires capturing issues with mood, suicidal thoughts, and sleep problems. FINDINGS: Between Sept 20, 2016, and June 22, 2018, 707 participants were enrolled, of whom 345 (49%) were female and 362 (51%) were male, and 623 (88%) were Black-African. Of 707 participants, 350 (50%) were randomly assigned to dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy and 357 (50%) to non-dolutegravir-based standard-of-care. 311 (44%) of 707 participants started first-line antiretroviral therapy (ODYSSEY-A; 145 [92%] of 157 participants had efavirenz-based therapy in the standard-of-care group), and 396 (56%) of 707 started second-line therapy (ODYSSEY-B; 195 [98%] of 200 had protease inhibitor-based therapy in the standard-of-care group). During follow-up (median 142 weeks, IQR 124–159), 23 participants had 31 neuropsychiatric adverse events (15 in the dolutegravir group and eight in the standard-of-care group; difference in proportion of participants with ≥1 event p=0·13). 11 participants had one or more neurological events (six and five; p=0·74) and 14 participants had one or more psychiatric events (ten and four; p=0·097). Among 14 participants with psychiatric events, eight participants in the dolutegravir group and four in standard-of-care group had suicidal ideation or behaviour. More participants in the dolutegravir group than the standard-of-care group reported symptoms of self-harm (eight vs one; p=0·025), life not worth living (17 vs five; p=0·0091), or suicidal thoughts (13 vs none; p=0·0006) at one or more follow-up visits. Most reports were transient. There were no differences by treatment group in low mood or feeling sad, problems concentrating, feeling worried or feeling angry or aggressive, sleep problems, or sleep quality. INTERPRETATION: The numbers of neuropsychiatric adverse events and reported neuropsychiatric symptoms were low. However, numerically more participants had psychiatric events and reported suicidality ideation in the dolutegravir group than the standard-of-care group. These differences should be interpreted with caution in an open-label trial. Clinicians and policy makers should consider including suicidality screening of children or adolescents receiving dolutegravir

COMPARATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILE AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY OF BARK, FLOWERS AND LEAVES EXTRACTS OF SIMAROUBA GLAUCA

Objective: The current study was to evaluate and compare the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of bark, flowers and leaves of the tree Simarouba glauca. Methods: The solvent extraction of phytochemicals was carried out using Soxhlet apparatus with ethanol, chloroform, methanol, and water. The antioxidant property was determined by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging, reducing power assay, and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay using gallic acid and ascorbic acid as the standards. Results: The extraction yield was found maximum in the water extract of flower (3.7% w/w). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoconstituents showed that the highest amount of alkaloids and flavonoid content (2.1% w/w) and (3.9% w/w), respectively, was in the chloroform extract of the flower. Phenol and carbohydrate constituent was found to be highest in the methanol extract of leaves 2.5% w/w and 2.2% w/w, respectively. The antioxidant assays showed that the bark possessed maximum antioxidant activity. The water extracts of S. glauca bark exhibited scavenging property (90%) with an IC50 value 39.63 μg/ml, and the least activity (56%) was observed in the methanol extracts of leaves with an IC50 value of 62.96 μg/ml of S. glauca. Conclusion: The study concluded that the water extract of the bark is a potent antioxidant compared to leaves and flowers. Further, in vivo studies are essential to enumerate its medicinal use and prove its efficacy in therapeutic applications