16,019 research outputs found
Disturbances of both cometary and Earth's magnetospheres excited by single solar flares
In the solar wind a comet plays the role of a windvane that moves three-dimensionally in the heliomagnetosphere. Among the solar systems bodies, only comets have a wide range of inclination angles of their orbital planes to the ecliptic plane ranging from 0 to 90 deg. Therefore, observations of cometary plasma tails are useful in probing the heliomagnetospheric conditions in the high heliolatitudinal region. A comet can be compared to a polar-orbiting probe encircling the Sun. We will introduce two rare cases in which the magnetospheres of both the comet and the Earth are disturbed by a single solar flare
Thermal evolution of the Schwinger model with Matrix Product Operators
We demonstrate the suitability of tensor network techniques for describing
the thermal evolution of lattice gauge theories. As a benchmark case, we have
studied the temperature dependence of the chiral condensate in the Schwinger
model, using matrix product operators to approximate the thermal equilibrium
states for finite system sizes with non-zero lattice spacings. We show how
these techniques allow for reliable extrapolations in bond dimension, step
width, system size and lattice spacing, and for a systematic estimation and
control of all error sources involved in the calculation. The reached values of
the lattice spacing are small enough to capture the most challenging region of
high temperatures and the final results are consistent with the analytical
prediction by Sachs and Wipf over a broad temperature range.Comment: 6 pages, 11 figure
Calculation of the Self-energy of Open Quantum Systems
We propose an easy method of calculating the self-energy of semi-infinite
leads attached to a mesoscopic system.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, published in J. Phys. Soc. Jp
Chirality Selection in Open Flow Systems and in Polymerization
As an attempt to understand the homochirality of organic molecules in life, a
chemical reaction model is proposed where the production of chiral monomers
from achiral substrate is catalyzed by the polymers of the same enatiomeric
type. This system has to be open because in a closed system the enhanced
production of chiral monomers by enzymes is compensated by the associated
enhancement in back reaction, and the chiral symmetry is conserved. Open flow
without cross inhibition is shown to lead to the chirality selection in a
general model. In polymerization, the influx of substrate from the ambience and
the efflux of chiral products for purposes other than the catalyst production
make the system necessarily open. The chiral symmetry is found to be broken if
the influx of substrate lies within a finite interval. As the efficiency of the
enzyme increases, the maximum value of the enantiomeric excess approaches unity
so that the chirality selection becomes complete.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure
Deconfinement in the Quark Meson Coupling Model
The Quark Meson Coupling Model which describes nuclear matter as a collection
of non-overlapping MIT bags interacting by the self-consistent exchange of
scalar and vector mesons is used to study nuclear matter at finite temperature.
In its modified version, the density dependence of the bag constant is
introduced by a direct coupling between the bag constant and the scalar mean
field. In the present work, the coupling of the scalar mean field with the
constituent quarks is considered exactly through the solution of the Dirac
equation. Our results show that a phase transition takes place at a critical
temperature around 200 MeV in which the scalar mean field takes a nonzero value
at zero baryon density. Furthermore it is found that the bag constant decreases
significantly when the temperature increases above this critical temperature
indicating the onset of quark deconfinement.Comment: LaTeX/TeX 15 pages (zk2.tex)+ 6 figures in TeX forma
Stochastic Approach to Enantiomeric Excess Amplification and Chiral Symmetry Breaking
Stochastic aspects of chemical reaction models related to the Soai reactions
as well as to the homochirality in life are studied analytically and
numerically by the use of the master equation and random walk model. For
systems with a recycling process, a unique final probability distribution is
obtained by means of detailed balance conditions. With a nonlinear
autocatalysis the distribution has a double-peak structure, indicating the
chiral symmetry breaking. This problem is further analyzed by examining
eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the master equation. In the case without
recycling process, final probability distributions depend on the initial
conditions. In the nonlinear autocatalytic case, time-evolution starting from a
complete achiral state leads to a final distribution which differs from that
deduced from the nonzero recycling result. This is due to the absence of the
detailed balance, and a directed random walk model is shown to give the correct
final profile. When the nonlinear autocatalysis is sufficiently strong and the
initial state is achiral, the final probability distribution has a double-peak
structure, related to the enantiomeric excess amplification. It is argued that
with autocatalyses and a very small but nonzero spontaneous production, a
single mother scenario could be a main mechanism to produce the homochirality.Comment: 25 pages, 6 figure
Hot nuclear matter in the modified quark-meson coupling model with quark-quark correlations
Short-range quark-quark correlations in hot nuclear matter are examined
within the modified quark-meson coupling model (MQMC) by adding repulsive
scalar and vector quark-quark interactions. Without these correlations, the bag
radius increases with the baryon density. However when the correlations are
introduced the bag size shrinks as the bags overlap. Also as the strength of
the scalar quark-quark correlation is increased, the decrease of the effective
nucleon mass with the baryonic density is slowed down and tends to
saturate at high densities. Within this model we study the phase transition
from the baryon-meson phase to the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) phase with the
latter modeled as an ideal gas of quarks and gluons inside a bag. Two models
for the QGP bag parameter are considered. In one case, the bag is taken to be
medium-independent and the phase transition from the hadron phase to QGP is
found to occur at 5-8 times ordinary nuclear matter density for temperatures
less than 60 MeV. For lower densities, the transition takes place at higher
temperature reaching up to 130 MeV at zero density. In the second case, the QGP
bag parameter is considered medium-dependent as in the MQMC model for the
hadronic phase. In this case, it is found that the phase transition occurs at
much lower densities.Comment: 8 pages, latex, 4 eps figure
Variations in agronomic and grain quality traits of rice grown under irrigated lowland conditions in West Africa
Rice breeding in West Africa has been largely skewed toward yield enhancement and stress tolerance. This has led to the variable grain quality of locally produced rice in the region. This study sought to assess variations in the agronomic and grain quality traits of some rice varieties grown in this region, with a view to identifying sources of high grain yield and quality that could serve as potential donors in their breeding programs. Fortyâfive varieties were grown under irrigated conditions in Benin and Senegal with two trials in each country. There were wide variations in agronomic and grain quality traits among the varieties across the trials. Cluster analysis using paddy yield, head rice yield, and chalkiness revealed that 68% of the total variation could be explained by five varietal groupings. One group comprising seven varieties (Afrihikari, BG90â2, IR64, Sahel 108, WAT311âWASâBâBâ23â7â1, WAT339âTGRâ5â2, and WITA 10) had high head rice yield and low chalkiness. Of the varieties in this group, Sahel 108 had the highest paddy yield in three of the four trials. IR64 and Afrihikari had intermediate and low amylose content, respectively, with the rest being highâamylose varieties. Another group of varieties consisting of B6144FâMRâ6â0â0, C74, IR31851â96â2â3â2â1, ITA222, Jaya, Sahel 305, WITA 1, and WITA 2 had high paddy yield but poor head rice yield and chalkiness. The use of materials from these two groups of varieties could accelerate breeding for high yielding rice varieties with better grain quality for local production in West Africa
Finite-dimensional analogs of string s <-> t duality and pentagon equation
We put forward one of the forms of functional pentagon equation (FPE), known
from the theory of integrable models, as an algebraic explanation to the
phenomenon known in physics as st duality. We present two simple geometrical
examples of FPE solutions, one of them yielding in a particular case the
well-known Veneziano expression for 4-particle amplitude. Finally, we interpret
our solutions of FPE in terms of relations in Lie groups.Comment: LaTeX, 12 pages, 6 eps figure
Integrable hierarchy underlying topological Landau-Ginzburg models of D-type
A universal integrable hierarchy underlying topological Landau-Ginzburg
models of D-tye is presented. Like the dispersionless Toda hierarchy, the new
hierarchy has two distinct (``positive" and ``negative") set of flows. Special
solutions corresponding to topological Landau-Ginzburg models of D-type are
characterized by a Riemann-Hilbert problem, which can be converted into a
generalized hodograph transformation. This construction gives an embedding of
the finite dimensional small phase space of these models into the full space of
flows of this hierarchy. One of flat coordinates in the small phase space turns
out to be identical to the first ``negative" time variable of the hierarchy,
whereas the others belong to the ``positive" flows.Comment: 14 pages, Kyoto University KUCP-0061/9
- âŠ