368 research outputs found
Can Cross-Border Financial Markets Create Endogenously Good Collateral in a Crisis?
In this paper, we explore whether markets can create endogenously good collateral in a crisis by analyzing a simple exchange economy where a country-specific catastrophic shock is shared between two countries. To see this possibility, we examine whether the equilibrium achieved by the time-0 complete markets with solvency constraints can be recovered in the dynamically complete markets with collateral constraints. This paper demonstrates that it is possible to recover the time-0 equilibrium outcome in a sequential manner when pricing errors occur randomly in evaluating Lucas trees at a catastrophic event. Such stochastic components may be interpreted as a policy initiative to create good collateral and yield constrained efficient outcomes at crisis periods.Solvency Constraints, Collateral Constraints, Dynamic Optimal Contract, Catastrophic Shocks
Angular Momentum Exchange by Gravitational Torques and Infall in the Circumbinary Disk of the Protostellar System L1551 NE
We report the ALMA observation of the Class I binary protostellar system
L1551 NE in the 0.9-mm continuum, C18O (3-2), and 13CO (3-2) lines at a ~1.6
times higher resolution and a ~6 times higher sensitivity than those of our
previous SMA observations, which revealed a r ~300 AU-scale circumbinary disk
in Keplerian rotation. The 0.9-mm continuum shows two opposing U-shaped
brightenings in the circumbinary disk, and exhibits a depression between the
circumbinary disk and the circumstellar disk of the primary protostar. The
molecular lines trace non-axisymmetric deviations from Keplerian rotation in
the circumbinary disk at higher velocities relative to the systemic velocity,
where our previous SMA observations could not detect the lines. In addition, we
detect inward motion along the minor axis of the circumbinary disk. To explain
the newly-observed features, we performed a numerical simulation of gas orbits
in a Roche potential tailored to the inferred properties of L1551 NE. The
observed U-shaped dust features coincide with locations where gravitational
torques from the central binary system are predicted to impart angular momentum
to the circumbinary disk, producing shocks and hence density enhancements seen
as a pair of spiral arms. The observed inward gas motion coincides with
locations where angular momentum is predicted to be lowered by the
gravitational torques. The good agreement between our observation and model
indicates that gravitational torques from the binary stars constitute the
primary driver for exchanging angular momentum so as to permit infall through
the circumbinary disk of L1551 NE.Comment: 38 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Observation of Simultaneous Oscillation of Multiple Modes in a CW 300 GHz Gyrotron
Multi-mode oscillation was observed in a 300 GHz fully CW gyrotron. It has been developed and installed in the Research Center for Development of Far-Infrared Region, University of Fukui as a power source of a submillimeter-wave material processing system. This gyrotron delivers 1.75 kW/CW at maximum. The radiation pattern is a Gaussian beam when the magnetic field strength Bc at the cavity is properly adjusted. However, within a range of Bc values, simultaneous oscillation of competing modes is observed, manifesting in radiation of the output power in multiple directions
Class Practice Research Aimed at Achieving Proactive, Interactive, and Deep Learning in the Junior High School Music Department: From the Perspective of Teaching Methods in Instrumental Ensemble
The purpose of this study was to clarify which teaching method could produce proactive, interactive, and deep learning, during an instrumental ensemble, and to assess the results of implementing such a program. We developed and presented the instrumental ensemble class plan based on the bottom up instruction method at two junior high schools. Data were collected by using a questionnaire and an M-GTA. We found that each student displayed a proactive learning attitude toward the music while maintaining an awareness of their own development areas and growth. Furthermore, the students showed an interactive learning attitude during collaborative activities by watching and listening to others while observing their performance in an effort to improve the quality of music , and learn through the class experience. In addition, we noticed an attitude that promoted deep learning whereby students attempted to solve problems and create music while utilizing what they learned from negative experiences. In addition, the bottom up instruction approach used during instrumental ensemble training was associated with originality, growth and the acceptance and awareness of others
Electron emission from conduction band of diamond with negative electron affinity
Experimental evidence explaining the extremely low-threshold electron
emission from diamond reported in 1996 has been obtained for the first time.
Direct observation using combined ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy/field
emission spectroscopy (UPS/FES) proved that the origin of field-induced
electron emission from heavily nitrogen (N)-doped chemical vapour deposited
(CVD) diamond was at conduction band minimum (CBM) utilising negative electron
affinity (NEA). The significance of the result is that not only does it prove
the utilisation of NEA as the dominant factor for the extremely low-threshold
electron emission from heavily N-doped CVD diamond, but also strongly implies
that such low-threshold emission is possible from other types of diamond, and
even other materials having NEA surface. The low-threshold voltage, along with
the stable intensity and remarkably narrow energy width, suggests that this
type of electron emission can be applied to develop a next generation vacuum
nano-electronic devices with long lifetime and high energy resolution.Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures, Phys. Rev. B in pres
Effect of Prelithiation Process for Hard Carbon Negative Electrode on the Rate and Cycling Behaviors of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Two prelithiation processes (shallow Li-ion insertion, and thrice-repeated deep Li-ion insertion and extraction) were applied to the hard carbon (HC) negative electrode (NE) used in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). LIB full-cells were assembled using Li(Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3)O2 positive electrodes (PEs) and the prelithiated HC NEs. The assembled full-cells were charged and discharged under a low current density, increasing current densities in a stepwise manner, and then constant under a high current density. The prelithiation process of shallow Li-ion insertion resulted in the high Coulombic efficiency (CE) of the full-cell at the initial charge-discharge cycles as well as in a superior rate capability. The prelithiation process of thrice-repeated Li-ion insertion and extraction attained an even higher CE and a high charge-discharge specific capacity under a low current density. However, both prelithiation processes decreased the capacity retention during charge-discharge cycling under a high current density, ascertaining a trade-off relationship between the increased CE and the cycling performance. Further elimination of the irreversible capacity of the HC NE was responsible for the higher utilization of both the PE and NE, attaining higher initial performances, but allowing the larger capacity to fade throughout charge-discharge cycling
Whole-genome analysis of recombinant inbred rice lines reveals a quantitative trait locus on chromosome 3 with genotype-by-environment interaction effects
Elucidating genotype-by-environment interactions is fundamental for understanding the interplay between genetic and environmental factors that shape complex traits in crops. Genotype-by-environment interactions are of practical importance, as they determine the performance of cultivars grown in different environments, prompting the need for an efficient approach for evaluating genotype-by-environment interactions. Here, we describe a method for genotype-by-environment detection that involves comparing linear mixed models. This method successfully detected genotype-by-environment interactions in rice (Oryza sativa) recombinant inbred lines grown at 3 locations. We identified a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 3 that was associated with heading date, grain number, and leaf length. The effect of this QTL on plant growth–related traits varied with environmental conditions, indicating the presence of genotype-by-environment interactions. Therefore, our method enables a powerful genotype-by-environment detection pipeline that should facilitate the production of high-yielding crops in a given environment
Distortion of Magnetic Fields in a Starless Core V: Near-infrared and Submillimeter Polarization in FeSt 1-457
The relationship between submillimeter (submm) dust emission polarization and
near-infrared (NIR) -band polarization produced by dust dichroic extinction
was studied for the cold starless dense core FeSt 1-457. The distribution of
polarization angles (-rotated for submm) and degrees were found to
be very different between at submm and NIR wavelengths. The mean polarization
angles for FeSt 1-457 at submm and NIR wavelengths are and , respectively. The correlation
between and was found to be linear from outermost regions to
relatively dense line of sight of mag, indicating that NIR
polarization reflects overall polarization (magnetic field) structure of the
core at least in this density range. The flat versus
correlations were confirmed, and the polarization efficiency was found to be
comparable to the observational upper limit (Jones 1989). On the other hand, as
reported by Alves et al., submm polarization degrees show clear linearly
decreasing trend against from mag to the densest center
( mag), appearing as "polarization hole" structure. The power
law index for the versus relationship was obtained to be
, indicating that the alignment for the submm sensitive dust is
lost. These very different polarization distributions at submm and NIR
wavelengths suggest that (1) there is different radiation environment at these
wavelengths or (2) submm-sensitive dust is localized or the combination of
them.Comment: Accepted to the Astrophysical Journal (ApJ
Scalability of spin FPGA: A Reconfigurable Architecture based on spin MOSFET
Scalability of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) using spin MOSFET (spin
FPGA) with magnetocurrent (MC) ratio in the range of 100% to 1000% is discussed
for the first time. Area and speed of million-gate spin FPGA are numerically
benchmarked with CMOS FPGA for 22nm, 32nm and 45nm technologies including 20%
transistor size variation. We show that area is reduced and speed is increased
in spin FPGA owing to the nonvolatile memory function of spin MOSFET.Comment: 3 pages, 7 figure
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