Maize nitrogen management in soils with influencing water tables within optimum depth

The central temperate Argentinean region is currently affected by rising water tables, allowing higher and more stable maize yields (Zea mays L) when they fluctuate within optimum depth. However, limited information was available for optimizing N management in these environments. Yield response to N rates was explored in soils with influencing groundwater (always less than 3.5 m depth), and different environment and management variables were examined to help explain differential yield responses across sites. A total of 15 rainfed experiments (site × year combinations) were conducted with five N rates (0 to 240 kg N ha−1) tested at two different timings (sowing and V7) in a factorial design. A consistent yield response to N rate was evident, increasing yields from 2300 to 6900 kg ha−1 across sites. Yields at maximum N levels ranged from 13700 to 16900 kg ha−1. Fertilization timing had a minor and inconsistent effect on yield across sites. At a maize grain:fertilizer N price ratio of 10, the economically optimal N rate ranged from 117 and 206 kg N ha−1. Soil N‐NO3 at sowing, previous crop, and apparent‐INS (apparent‐indigenous N supply) helped explain differential yield responses across sites, and response models for obtaining economic optimum rates considering the influence of these variables are provided. These results highlight the relevance of N rate, rather than timing, as a critical crop management decision in environments with high water availability and yield.EEA OliverosFil: Ruiz, Alejo. Asociación Argentina de Productores en Siembra Directa; ArgentinaFil: Salvagiotti, Fernando. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Oliveros; ArgentinaFil: Gambin, Brenda L. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Borrás, Lucas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentin

Nitrogen mineralized in anaerobiosis as indicator of soil aggregate stability

Monitoring soil health status is imperative to pursue sustainable agriculture. Aggregate stability (AS) is fundamental to define several soil functions and, therefore, physical soil health. The objectives of thisworkwere to (i) evaluate the effect of contrasting cropping systems on AS, soil (SOC) and particulate (POC) organic carbon, and anaerobic nitrogen (AN) both in bulk soil and in macroaggregates (MA), and (ii) assess the relationship between AS and AN both in bulk soil and in MA to facilitate soil physical health monitoring. Aggregate stability, AN, SOC and POC were evaluated at three depths (0–5, 5–20, and 0–20 cm) in a Mollisol of the Southeastern Argentinean Pampas under a long-term experiment of cropping systems (crop-pasture rotations under conventional tillage [CT] and no-tillage [NT]). Bulk-soil SOC and POC contents and AN showed the effect of cropping systems, especially the effect of crop-pasture rotation and at 0–5 cm depth. However, NT did not lead to SOC sequestration except at 0–5 cm depth. In turn, pastures in the rotation and NT improved AS. Bulk-soil AN explained 75, 41, and 71% of AS at 0–5, 5–20, and 0–20 cm depths, respectively, and provides an indication of AS status. Instead, AN in MA did not explain bulk-soil AS changes as much as bulk-soil AN, except at 0–5 cm depth. Therefore, it is not worth determining AN in MA. However, routine bulk-soil AN determination at 0–20 cm depth by producers to diagnose nitrogen soil fertility would also provide an additional valuable indication of AS status

Assessment of nitrogen diagnosis methods in sunflower

Nitrogen deficiency can severely limit sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) grain yield and quality. Our objective was to evaluate N diagnosis methods based on: (a) pre-plant soil nitrate-nitrogen (NO3––N) test (PPSNT) and soil N mineralized in short-term anaerobic incubation (Nan), (b) Greenness index (GI) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) measured at 6 (V6) and 12 (V12) leaves, and (c) grain nitrogen concentration (Nc). Seventeen experiments were carried out between 2010 and 2019 in Argentina, evaluating nine N rates (0, 30, 40, 60, 80, 90, 120, 150, and 160 kg N ha–1). The GI, NDVI, N sufficiency index and relative normalized difference vegetation index (NDVIr) were determined at V6 and V12 growth stages. On average, yield response to N was 492 kg ha–1 and Nc response was 0.25% in 9 and 11 responsive experiments, respectively. The inclusion of Nan improved the PPSNT diagnosis method. The critical N availability (PPSNT + fertilizer N) threshold was 115 kg N ha–1 for experiments with low Nan (60 mg kg–1). The NDVIr at V12 allowed monitoring the crop N status with a 0.95 critical threshold. The Nc adequately diagnosed N deficiencies and the critical threshold was 2.26%. Also, Nc was predicted from the ratio between N availability and grain yield (R2 = .39). Our results would allow to better estimate N availability to recommend adequate N fertilizer rates for sunflower aiming to optimize grain yield and quality, and minimize the economic and environmental cost of fertilization.EEA BalcarceFil: Tovar Hernandez, Sergio. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina.Fil: Diovisalvi, Natalia. Laboratorio de Suelos Fertilab; Argentina.Fil: Carciochi, Walter Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina.Fil: Carciochi, Walter Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Izquierdo, Natalia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina.Fil: Izquierdo, Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Sainz Rozas, Hernán René. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina.Fil: Sainz Rozas, Hernán René. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina.Fil: Sainz Rozas, Hernán René. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: García, Fernando. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina.Fil: Reussi Calvo, Nahuel Ignacio. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina.Fil: Reussi Calvo, Nahuel Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Reussi Calvo, Nahuel Ignacio. Laboratorio de Suelos Fertilab; Argentina