L’ascension professionnelle et le plafond de verre dans les entreprises privées au Québec

En dépit du consensus social québécois sur l’égalité de fait à atteindre, l’histoire de l’émancipation des femmes reste à parachever. Sur le marché du travail, les échelons supérieurs des organisations, tant privées que publiques, demeurent la prérogative des hommes qui occupent, dans une proportion très élevée, les postes les plus influents dans la majorité des entreprises au Québec et ailleurs. Le présent article s’intéresse au phénomène du plafond de verre et, plus précisément, à la pérennité des facteurs qui contribuent à son édification au sein d’une culture organisationnelle donnée, soit les milieux de la gestion et des finances dans les entreprises privées au Québec. À la suite de l’évolution des valeurs sociétales en matière d’égalité des sexes en Occident, comment peut-on en effet expliquer le maintien de cet effet frontière au cours de la carrière ascendante des femmes cadres? Pour répondre à cette question centrale, les auteures proposent un exposé en quatre temps. Elles tracent d’abord un portrait de la présence des femmes dans les échelons supérieurs des organisations québécoises et canadiennes. Par la suite, elles mettent en évidence les principaux facteurs qui érigent le plafond de verre, puis elles décrivent brièvement les orientations théoriques et méthodologiques qui ont guidé leur étude. Enfin, elles présentent un bref aperçu des résultats préliminaires de recherche et esquissent quelques pistes d’analyse.Despite Quebec’s social consensus on reaching a factual equality, the history of women’s emancipation is yet to be completed. In the work place, staff position within private and public organisations remain men’s prerogative, since they occupy a very high proportion of the influent positions of most enterprises here and abroad. The current article investigates the « glass ceiling » phenomenon, and more precisely the sustainability of the factors contributing to its edification within a given organizational culture in the midst of management and finance in private enterprises of Quebec. Following the evolution of societal values of the Western world in matters of equality between sexes, how can we indeed explain the containment of this frontier effect while the career of leading women is ascending? To answer this crucial question, we propose a four steps analysis. First, we will draw a brief picture of women presence in the higher levels of canadian and quebequer organisation. Second, we will identify the main factors that erect the « glass ceiling » and, third, we will try to understand in which way the gender relations within the organizational culture contribute to the reproduction of theses factors. Finally, we will present and comment our preliminary research results

Centralité de réseaux et similitude de discours : une approche sociosémantique du leadership émergent dans les groupes de travail

Parmi les études sur le leadership émergent dans les groupes, les théories de la communication ont mis l’accent sur la structure des réseaux de liens interpersonnels d’influence ou sur le contenu du discours. Toutefois, ces deux aspects communicationnels du leadership ne sont pas indépendants l’un de l’autre. Cette étude vise à mieux comprendre leurs interrelations à l’aide d’une approche sociosémantique. Nous faisons l’hypothèse qu’il existe une relation entre le leadership émergent d’un membre d’un groupe, estimé par sa centralité dans le réseau de liens d’influence, et la similitude sémantique entre les discours des membres du groupe, estimée par la proportion de champs sémantiques partagés. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, nous analysons les données sémantiques issues d’enregistrements de 45 réunions de petits groupes de travail (sur une période de 10 semaines) et les données réseau issues de questionnaires sociométriques hebdomadaires complétés par les membres. Les résultats montrent que la centralité de l’acteur dans le réseau de liens d’influence et la proportion de champs sémantiques partagés avec les membres du groupe sont significativement corrélées et suggèrent que la dissimilarité sémantique serait liée à une dynamique d’exclusion de la personne du réseau de liens d’influence. Ces résultats nous ont conduits à formuler la théorie d’un seuil de similitude autour duquel la relation entre similitude et influence s’inverse. La démonstration empirique de la relation entre les liens interpersonnels d’influence et la similitude de discours constitue une contribution importante de cette étude à une meilleure connaissance du leadership émergent dans des groupes naturels.Among studies on emerging leadership in groups, communication theories have mostly focused either on the structure of the network of interpersonal relationships, or on discourse content. However, these communicational aspects of leadership are not independent from one another. Using a socio-semantic approach, this study aims to understand their interrelation. We hypothesized a relationship between emerging leadership of a group member, estimated by his or her centrality in an influence network, and the semantic similarity of his or her discourse with that of the other group members, estimated by the proportion of shared semantic fields. This hypothesis is verified by a semantic data analysis from recordings of 45 workgroups meetings (over 10 weeks) and the network data from weekly sociometric questionnaires completed by group members. Results show that actor centrality in the influence network and the proportion of semantic fields shared with group members are significantly correlated and suggest that a person's exclusion from the influence network is linked to semantic dissimilarity. Our results also led to the formulation of a theory of a similarity threshold around which the relationship between similarity and influence reverse. The empirical demonstration of the relationships between influence relationships and discourse similarity, constitute an important contribution of this study to a better understanding of emerging leadership in workgroups

Réseaux sociaux et réseaux sociosémantiques et phénomènes de communication

Ce numéro est consacré aux apports de l’analyse des réseaux sociaux et sociosémantiques à l’étude de différents phénomènes de communication au sein de communautés de personnes. La notion de réseaux sociaux repose sur l’idée centrale selon laquelle les relations qui s’établissent entre les personnes dessinent une toile de liens dont l’enchevêtrement amène des contraintes et des opportunités pour les individus (Berkowitz, 1982 ; White, Boorman et Breiger, 1976). L’étude de ces réseaux a condui..

Influence, réseaux sociosémantiques et réseaux sociaux dans un conflit environnemental

L’être humain interagit avec d’autres et ses interactions le conduisent à se former des opinions, lesquelles l’incitent à interagir davantage avec des personnes qui partagent ses vues. En nous basant sur les théories de la diffusion, de la création de sens et des mouvements sociaux, nous avons exploré la dynamique entre relation sociale, influence et création de sens dans un conflit lié à un projet de parc éolien. Une méthodologie mixte, s’appuyant sur des données d’entrevues menées auprès de 93 personnes et comportant des questions sur les perceptions des enjeux et sur les réseaux sociaux, a permis une analyse des arrimages entre réseaux sociaux et réseaux sociosémantiques. Cette analyse a montré que la centralité, l’influence et la similitude du discours sont corrélées en fonction de thèmes précis et que les relations nouvelles ou intensifiées en raison du conflit jouent un rôle particulièrement important dans la similitude du discours. Nous proposons une discussion sur l’émergence d’une nouvelle structure sociosémantique, la construction de l’influence, le rôle des émotions dans le discours et la durabilité des relations lors d’un conflit.Through different social networks, an individual interacts with others and these interactions can help him or her develop opinions, while these incite him or her to interact more with others who think alike. Building on diffusion, sensemaking, and social movements theories, we explored the dynamics between social relationship, influence, and sensemaking in a conflict related to a wind farm project. Mixed methods, from data on influence, social networks, and semantic networks collected in interviews with 93 people, showed that centrality, influence, and discourse similarity are correlated with regard to specific themes, and that new relationships as well as intensified relationships play an especially important role in the construction of similarity in discourse. We propose a discussion on the emergence of a new sociosemantic structure, on the construction of influence, on the role of emotions in discourse, and on the durability of relationships created during a conflict

Participação e transdisciplinaridade em Ecosaúde: a perspectiva da análise de redes sociais

A Ecosaúde usa abordagens participativas e transdisciplinares com o intuito de compreender as inter-relações entre os componentes dos sistemas socioecológicos e como estas interações influenciam a saúde das populações humanas. O objetivo do artigo é usar a Análise de Redes Sociais (ARS) para entender o papel das relações de colaboração entre os diversos atores envolvidos nos processos participativos e transdisciplinares em projetos de Ecosaúde. Apresentamos um conjunto de indicadores de ARS para caracterizar a evolução e a equidade de participação e diferenciar a inter e a transdisciplinaridade. A análise foi feita com base na rede de colaboração entre os atores da Iniciativa de Liderança em Ecosaúde para as Enfermidades Transmitidas por Vetores (ETV) na América Latina e Caribe. O processo participativo ficou mais intenso ao longo do projeto, com mais sujeitos envolvidos e um número crescente de colaborações. A cooperação entre os atores das ciências sociais, ambientais e da saúde é pouco equitativa; assim, predominam as ciências da saúde. Os poucos cientistas ambientais presentes estão, porém, ativamente envolvidos em colaborações interdisciplinares. A abordagem tem aplicação ampla para estudar a participação e a transdisciplinaridade em projetos sobre saúde e meio ambiente.Ecohealth uses participatory and transdisciplinary approaches to understand the relationships between the components of socio-ecological systems and how these interactions influence the health of human populations. The article aims to use Social Network Analysis (SNA) to understand the role of collaborative relationships between the various actors involved in participatory and transdisciplinary processes in Ecohealth projects. We present a set of SNA indicators to characterize the evolution and equity of participation and to differentiate the inter and the transdisciplinarity. The analysis was based on the collaboration network among the members of the Ecohealth Field Building Leadership Initiative for Vector-Borne Diseases (VBD) in Latin America and Caribbean. The participatory process intensified throughout the project, with more subjects involved and a growing number of collaborations. Cooperation between members from the social, environmental, and health sciences is unbalanced; thus, health scientists predominate. The few environmental scientists are, however, actively involved in interdisciplinary collaborations. The proposed approach has wide application to study participation and transdisciplinarity in projects about health and environment

How to account for sex and gender in occupational health and safety research: are mixed methods the answer?

OHS research has tended to measure the impact of occupational exposures and ergonomic interventions on male bodies and in a limited range of male-dominated occupations. To correct for this, researchers are encouraged to account for sex and gender in health research. It is not clear however how researchers should go about doing this. Taking OHS literature as a case study, in this paper, we argue that while mixed methods approaches alone do not produce analyses of sex or gender that move beyond reproducing binary comparisons or essentializing difference, combined with critical theoretical frameworks that engage in dialogic analysis, mixed methods have the potential to offer a complex and sophisticated understanding of the relationship between sex and/gender and OHS

Représentations sociales chrétiennes, santé et environnement en Amazonie brésilienne

Cet article vise à mieux comprendre pourquoi certains groupes religieux s’impliquent plus que d’autres dans les questions qui connectent l’environnement et la santé. Nous analysons les représentations sociales des groupes catholiques et évangéliques de communautés riveraines en Amazonie brésilienne. À partir de verbatim d’entretiens semidirigés conduits avec des leaders religieux, nous avons réalisé une analyse qualitative à l’aide de catégories conceptualisantes. Les leaders de chacun des groupes ont des représentations similaires des principaux problèmes de santé et d’environnement. Toutefois, les résultats montrent que les catholiques accordent une grande importance à la conscientisation, à l’éducation, à l’implication et à la mobilisation sociale, tandis que les évangéliques misent fortement sur l’évangélisation et l’obéissance aux règles prescrites par la Bible. Nous concluons que les représentations sociales issues des traditions catholiques et évangéliques influent sur le type d’action sociale que les groupes préconisent pour améliorer les conditions de santé et la qualité de l’environnement.Este artigo visa entender melhor por que alguns grupos religiosos estão mais envolvidos do que outros em questões que conectam o meio ambiente e a saúde. Analisamos as representações sociais de grupos católicos e evangélicos de comunidades ribeirinhas na Amazônia brasileira. A partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas conduzidas com líderes religiosos, realizamos uma análise qualitativa utilizando categorias conceituais. Líderes de cada grupo têm representações semelhantes sobre as principais questões ambientais e de saúde. No entanto, os resultados mostram que os católicos atribuem grande importância à conscientização, educação, envolvimento e mobilização social, enquanto que os evangélicos confiam fortemente na evangelização e na obediência às regras prescritas pela Bíblia. Concluímos que as representações sociais dos grupos católicos e evangélicos influenciam o tipo de ação social desenvolvido para melhorar as condições de saúde e a qualidade do meio ambiente

Ecohealth and resilience thinking : a dialog from experiences in research and practice

Resilience thinking and ecosystems approaches to health (EAH), or ecohealth, share roots in complexity science, although they have distinct foundations in ecology and population health, respectively. The current articulations of these two approaches are strongly converging, but each approach has its strengths. Resilience thinking has developed theoretical models to the study of social– ecological systems, whereas ecohealth has a vast repertoire of experience in dealing with complex health issues. With the two fields dovetailing, there is ripe opportunity to create a dialog centered on concepts that are more thoroughly developed in one field, which can then serve to advance the other. In this article, we first present an overview of the ecohealth and resilience thinking frameworks before opening a dialog centered on seven themes that have strong potential for cross-pollination between the two approaches: scale interactions, regime shifts, adaptive environmental management, social learning, participation, social and gender equity, and knowledge to action. We conclude with some future research suggestions for those interested in theoretical and practical applications at the intersection of environment and health. In particular, closer collaboration between these two fields can lead to addressing blind spots in the ecosystem services framework, complementary social-network analysis, the application of resilience heuristics to the understanding of health, and the development of a normative dimension in resilience thinking

Participação e transdisciplinaridade em Ecosaúde: a perspectiva da análise de redes sociais

Ecohealth uses participatory and transdisciplinary approaches to understand the relationships between the components of socio-ecological systems and how these interactions influence the health of human populations. The article aims to use Social Network Analysis (SNA) to understand the role of collaborative relationships between the various actors involved in participatory and transdisciplinary processes in Ecohealth projects. We present a set of SNA indicators to characterize the evolution and equity of participation and to differentiate the inter and the transdisciplinarity. The analysis was based on the collaboration network among the members of the Ecohealth Field Building Leadership Initiative for Vector-Borne Diseases (VBD) in Latin America and Caribbean. The participatory process intensified throughout the project, with more subjects involved and a growing number of collaborations. Cooperation between members from the social, environmental, and health sciences is unbalanced; thus, health scientists predominate. The few environmental scientists are, however, actively involved in interdisciplinary collaborations. The proposed approach has wide application to study participation and transdisciplinarity in projects about health and environment.A Ecosaúde usa abordagens participativas e transdisciplinares com o intuito de compreender as inter-relações entre os componentes dos sistemas socioecológicos e como estas interações influenciam a saúde das populações humanas. O objetivo do artigo é usar a Análise de Redes Sociais (ARS) para entender o papel das relações de colaboração entre os diversos atores envolvidos nos processos participativos e transdisciplinares em projetos de Ecosaúde. Apresentamos um conjunto de indicadores de ARS para caracterizar a evolução e a equidade de participação e diferenciar a inter e a transdisciplinaridade. A análise foi feita com base na rede de colaboração entre os atores da Iniciativa de Liderança em Ecosaúde para as Enfermidades Transmitidas por Vetores (ETV) na América Latina e Caribe. O processo participativo ficou mais intenso ao longo do projeto, com mais sujeitos envolvidos e um número crescente de colaborações. A cooperação entre os atores das ciências sociais, ambientais e da saúde é pouco equitativa; assim, predominam as ciências da saúde. Os poucos cientistas ambientais presentes estão, porém, ativamente envolvidos em colaborações interdisciplinares. A abordagem tem aplicação ampla para estudar a participação e a transdisciplinaridade em projetos sobre saúde e meio ambiente